How persistent are economic gaps across ethnicities? The convergence of ethnic gaps through the third generation of immigrants is difficult to measure because few datasets include grandparental birthplace. I overcome this limitation with a new three-generational dataset that links immigrant grandfathers in 1880 to their grandsons in 1940. I find that the persistence of ethnic gaps in occupational income is 2.5 times stronger than predicted by a standard grandfather-grandson elasticity. While part of the discrepancy is due to measurement error attenuating the grandfather-grandson elasticity, mechanisms related to geography also partially explain the stronger persistence of ethnic occupational differentials.

中文翻译：

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不太热的大熔炉：大迁移时代后裔的持续结果

不同种族之间的经济差距有多持久？由于很少有数据集包括祖父母的出生地，因此很难衡量第三代移民带来的种族差距的收敛。我用一个新的三代数据集克服了这个限制，该数据集将 1880 年的移民祖父与 1940 年的孙子联系起来。我发现职业收入中种族差距的持续存在比标准祖孙弹性预测的强 2.5 倍。虽然部分差异是由于测量误差减弱了祖孙弹性，但与地理相关的机制也部分解释了种族职业差异的更强持久性。