Nineteenth-century republicans across the political spectrum agreed: the Spanish monarchy produced ‘miserable Indians’. Abolishing tribute and privatising communal lands, known as resguardos in New Granada (roughly today's Panama and Colombia), would transform that wretched class into equal citizens. Drawing on late eighteenth-century privatisation efforts by the Spanish Crown, early republican leaders in Gran Colombia inaugurated an era seeking equal access to wealth from communal land for all indigenous community members. After Gran Colombia (the first Colombian Republic, 1819–30) dissolved into New Granada, Ecuador and Venezuela in 1830, New Granada's experiments with indigenous resguardo policies went further. By then, legislative efforts considered the needs of all resguardo members, including unmarried mothers and their illegitimate children. Complex laws, diverse ecological terrain and nuanced social realities required well-trained surveyors to ensure each eligible indigenous family received a fair share of land. Whereas indigenous communities in Pasto, Santa Marta and the Cauca river valley resorted to armed insurrection against liberal policies through the War of the Supremes (1839–42), those in the highlands near Bogotá did not. Instead, these republican indígenas – with their greater access to the levers of power housed in the national capital – chose to engage in the reforms of a decentralising state. This article reveals how contentious experiments seeking republican equality within indigenous resguardos as a path towards abolishing the institution were consistently stymied by efforts to ensure that indigenous community governance and communal landholding remained intact.

中文翻译：

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调查共和原住民的土地：19 世纪为废除哥伦比亚波哥大附近的原住民 Resguardos 所做的有争议的努力

19 世纪各政治派别的共和党人一致认为：西班牙君主制产生了“悲惨的印第安人”。废除贡品并将公有土地私有化，称为雷加多斯在新格拉纳达（大约是今天的巴拿马和哥伦比亚），将把可怜的阶级转变为平等的公民。借助西班牙王室在 18 世纪晚期的私有化努力，大哥伦比亚的早期共和党领导人开启了一个寻求所有土著社区成员从公共土地平等获得财富的时代。在大哥伦比亚（第一个哥伦比亚共和国，1819-30 年）于 1830 年解体为新格拉纳达、厄瓜多尔和委内瑞拉后，新格拉纳达对土著人的实验雷斯瓜多政策走得更远。到那时，立法工作考虑了所有人的需求雷斯瓜多成员，包括未婚母亲及其非婚生子女。复杂的法律、多样的生态地形和微妙的社会现实需要训练有素的测量员来确保每个符合条件的土著家庭获得公平的土地份额。帕斯托、圣玛尔塔和考卡河谷的土著社区通过至尊战争（1839-42 年）诉诸武装起义反对自由主义政策，而波哥大附近高地的土著社区却没有。相反，这些共和党土著人——由于他们更容易获得位于国家首都的权力杠杆——选择参与权力下放国家的改革。本文揭示了如何在土著内部寻求共和平等的有争议的实验雷加多斯由于为确保土著社区治理和公共土地所有权保持不变而作出的努力一直阻碍着废除该机构的道路。