Evidence has indicated that the neuroactive hormone oxytocin is essential for prosocial behavior, particularly trust. Exogenous administration of oxytocin has been shown to increase trust in humans. However, one may argue that, except the administration of oxytocin in nonhealthy patient groups (e.g., those with autism or anxiety disorders) to alleviate negative symptoms, external administration of oxytocin has little relevance in normal life. Music, a ubiquitous stimulus in human society, has been shown to increase oxytocin in medical therapy scenarios. Considering this evidence, we conducted a trust game experiment with a sample of healthy humans and investigated music’s effects on the (a) trustor’s oxytocin levels (blood sample measurement), (b) investment amount (trust behavior measurement), and (c) perception of the other player’s trustworthiness (self-report). The results of our exploratory study show that an increase in oxytocin levels over 40 trials in a trust game increased perceived trustworthiness in the no-music condition but had no impact on investment amount (i.e., trust behavior). Moreover, music had no effect on oxytocin, trust behavior, or perceived trustworthiness. Thus, unlike prior research showing that music listening may increase self-reported trust in another individual, in the present study we found no effect of music on trust (on either a physiological or behavioral level). We surmise that this finding is a result of both the type of music played during task execution and music preferences. Thus, future research must carefully manipulate music features (e.g., pitch, rhythm, timbre, tempo, meter, contour, loudness, and spatial location) and consider a listener’s music preferences to better understand music’s effects on physiological, perceived, and behavioral trust.

中文翻译：

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催产素、信任和可信度：音乐的调节作用。

有证据表明，神经活性激素催产素对于亲社会行为，尤其是信任至关重要。外源性催产素已被证明可以增加对人类的信任。然而，有人可能会争辩说，除了在非健康患者群体（如自闭症或焦虑症患者）中使用催产素来缓解阴性症状外，外用催产素在正常生活中几乎没有意义。音乐是人类社会中无处不在的刺激，已被证明可以增加医学治疗场景中的催产素。考虑到这一证据，我们以健康人为样本进行了信任博弈实验，并研究了音乐对 (a) 信任人的催产素水平（血液样本测量）、（b）投资金额（信任行为测量）、(c) 对其他玩家可信度的看法（自我报告）。我们探索性研究的结果表明，在信任游戏中超过 40 次试验中催产素水平的增加增加了在无音乐条件下的感知可信度，但对投资金额（即信任行为）没有影响。此外，音乐对催产素、信任行为或感知可信度没有影响。因此，与之前的研究表明，听音乐可能会增加自我报告的对另一个人的信任不同，在本研究中，我们发现音乐对信任没有影响（在生理或行为层面上）。我们推测这一发现是任务执行期间播放的音乐类型和音乐偏好的结果。因此，未来的研究必须仔细处理音乐特征（例如，音高、节奏、音色、速度、节拍、轮廓、响度、