ABSTRACT I use the policy feedback literature to present an argument regarding the new politics of reform consolidation in India. India’s reform trajectory can be understood in terms of three distinct phases of reforms interspersed by periods of slowdown. In this narrative that goes beyond 1991, an analysis of struggles, opponents, and reversals become important, revealing a more contested pathway. In the 2000s India has moved beyond the initial, crisis-driven phase to a deeper external integration with the global economy and structural reform within. I call this phase an era of strategic internationalization. Reforms of 1985, 1991, and 1998–2000, in different ways, have begun to create new constituencies of support across India, which underlies the consolidation phase of reforms. During this long trajectory, the opponents of reforms could delay reforms but failed to reverse the direction of economic reforms. The purpose of this article is to provide a temporal framework that pays attention to mechanisms underlying different phases of reforms and how new supporters and opponents of reforms were created across different phases of the reform trajectory. Policies, the social bases of the Indian economy, and classes have been re-configured as a result.

中文翻译：

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印度改革巩固理论：从危机引发的改革到战略国际化

摘要 我使用政策反馈文献来提出关于印度改革巩固新政治的论点。印度的改革轨迹可以通过三个不同的改革阶段来理解，这些阶段穿插着放缓时期。在这个超越 1991 年的叙述中，对斗争、对手和逆转的分析变得重要，揭示了一条更有争议的途径。在 2000 年代，印度已经超越了最初的危机驱动阶段，进入了与全球经济和内部结构改革的更深层次的外部整合。我称这个阶段为战略国际化时代。1985 年、1991 年和 1998-2000 年的改革以不同的方式开始在印度各地创造新的支持群体，这是改革巩固阶段的基础。在这漫长的旅途中，改革的反对者可以推迟改革，但未能扭转经济改革的方向。本文的目的是提供一个时间框架，关注不同改革阶段背后的机制，以及如何在改革轨迹的不同阶段产生新的改革支持者和反对者。结果，政策、印度经济的社会基础和阶级都被重新配置。