Abstract Dysregulation of gene expression mechanisms has been observed in many tumors, making their analysis of utmost importance. These mechanisms include DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism in which 5-carbon of cytosine becomes methylated, leading to gene silencing, and action of short RNA molecules called microRNAs, which regulate protein synthesis at post-transcriptional level by binding to mRNAs. In this review, we describe major roles of both mechanisms in carcinogenesis, offer an overview of currently used methods for their analysis, and summarize most recent advances in electrochemical-based assays and strategies. Advantages of electrochemistry, including favorable cost, time of experiment, or simple instrumentation, are highlighted, along with current challenges that need to be addressed prior to successful application into clinical routine.

中文翻译：

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用于早期癌症诊断的核酸生物电化学——DNA甲基化分析和微小RNA检测

摘要 在许多肿瘤中已经观察到基因表达机制的失调，这使得它们的分析变得极为重要。这些机制包括 DNA 甲基化，一种表观遗传机制，其中胞嘧啶的 5 个碳被甲基化，导致基因沉默，以及称为 microRNA 的短 RNA 分子的作用，其通过与 mRNA 结合在转录后水平调节蛋白质合成。在这篇综述中，我们描述了这两种机制在致癌作用中的主要作用，概述了目前使用的分析方法，并总结了基于电化学的测定和策略的最新进展。强调了电化学的优势，包括有利的成本、实验时间或简单的仪器，