Two major sets of exposure limits for radiofrequency (RF) radiation, those of the International Commission on Nonionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP 2020) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE C95.1-2019), have recently been revised and updated with significant changes in limits above 6 GHz through the millimeter wave (mm-wave) band (30-300 GHz). This review compares available data on thermal damage and pain from exposure to RF energy above 6 GHz with corresponding data from infrared energy and other heat sources and estimates safety factors that are incorporated in the IEEE and ICNIRP RF exposure limits. The benchmarks for damage are the same as used in ICNIRP IR limits: minimal epithelial damage to cornea and first-degree burn (erythema in skin observable within 48 h after exposure). The data suggest that limiting thermal hazard to skin is cutaneous pain for exposure durations less than ≈20 min and thermal damage for longer exposures. Limitations on available data and thermal models are noted. However, data on RF and IR thermal damage and pain thresholds show that exposures far above current ICNIRP and IEEE limits would be required to produce thermally hazardous effects. This review focuses exclusively on thermal hazards from RF exposures above 6 GHz to skin and the cornea, which are the most exposed tissues in the considered frequency range.

中文翻译：

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6 GHz 以上射频能量造成的热危害的时间-温度阈值和安全系数。

国际非电离辐射防护委员会 (ICNIRP 2020) 和电气和电子工程师协会 (IEEE C95.1-2019) 的两套主要射频 (RF) 辐射暴露限值最近进行了修订和更新： 6 GHz 以上至毫米波 (mm-wave) 频段 (30-300 GHz) 的限制发生显着变化。本综述将暴露于 6 GHz 以上射频能量造成的热损伤和疼痛的现有数据与红外能量和其他热源的相应数据进行了比较，并估计了 IEEE 和 ICNIRP 射频暴露限制中纳入的安全系数。损伤基准与 ICNIRP IR 限值中使用的相同：对角膜的最小上皮损伤和一级烧伤（暴露后 48 小时内可观察到皮肤红斑）。数据表明，对皮肤的限制性热危害是暴露时间短于 20 分钟的皮肤疼痛和长时间暴露的热损伤。注意到了可用数据和热模型的限制。然而，有关射频和红外热损伤和疼痛阈值的数据表明，需要远高于当前 ICNIRP 和 IEEE 限制的暴露才能产生热危害效应。本次审查专门关注 6 GHz 以上的射频暴露对皮肤和角膜的热危害，皮肤和角膜是所考虑频率范围内暴露最多的组织。