Cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases, the progression of which demands an accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations of the human nuclear genome or possibly in the mitochondrial genome as well. Despite modern diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to battle cancer, there are still serious concerns about the increase in death from cancer globally. Recently, a growing number of researchers have extensively focused on the burgeoning area of biomarkers development research, especially in noninvasive early cancer detection. Intergenomic cross talk has triggered researchers to expand their studies from nuclear genome-based cancer researches, shifting into the mitochondria-mediated associations with carcinogenesis. Thus, it leads to the discoveries of established and potential mitochondrial biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity. The research field of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) biomarkers has the great potential to confer vast benefits for cancer therapeutics and patients in the future. This review seeks to summarize the comprehensive insights of nuclear genome cancer biomarkers and their usage in clinical practices, the intergenomic cross talk researches that linked mitochondrial dysfunction to carcinogenesis, and the current progress of mitochondrial cancer biomarker studies and development.

中文翻译：

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线粒体 DNA 生物标志物在癌症中的崛起


癌症是一组异质性疾病，其进展需要人类核基因组或线粒体基因组中基因突变和表观遗传改变的积累。尽管现代诊断和治疗方法可以对抗癌症，但全球癌症死亡人数的增加仍然令人严重担忧。最近，越来越多的研究人员广泛关注生物标志物开发研究的新兴领域，特别是在非侵入性早期癌症检测方面。基因组间的串扰促使研究人员将他们的研究范围从基于核基因组的癌症研究扩展到线粒体介导的与癌发生的关联。因此，它导致了具有高特异性和敏感性的已建立的和潜在的线粒体生物标志物的发现。线粒体DNA（mtDNA）生物标志物的研究领域具有巨大的潜力，可以在未来为癌症治疗和患者带来巨大的益处。本综述旨在总结核基因组癌症生物标志物及其在临床实践中的应用的全面见解、将线粒体功能障碍与致癌作用联系起来的基因组间串扰研究，以及线粒体癌症生物标志物研究和开发的当前进展。