Exercise training is generally beneficial for cardiovascular health, improving stroke volume, cardiac output, and aerobic capacity. Despite these benefits, some evidence indicates that endurance training may increase the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), particularly in highly trained individuals. Among multiple mechanisms, autonomic tone changes and atrial remodeling have been proposed as main contributors for exercise-induced AF. However, the contribution of local and systemic immunity is poorly understood in the development of atrial arrhythmogenic substrates. Here we aim to update the field of immunomodulation in the context of exercise and AF by compiling and reconciling the most recent evidence from preclinical and human studies and rationalize the applicability of “lone” AF terminology in athletes.

运动训练通常有益于心血管健康，改善每搏输出量、心输出量和有氧能力。尽管有这些好处，一些证据表明耐力训练可能会增加心房颤动 (AF) 的风险，尤其是在训练有素的个体中。在多种机制中，自主神经张力改变和心房重构被认为是运动诱发 AF 的主要因素。然而，局部和全身免疫在房性心律失常基质的发展中的作用知之甚少。在这里，我们旨在通过编译和协调来自临床前和人体研究的最新证据，并合理化“孤立”AF 术语在运动员中的适用性，更新运动和 AF 背景下的免疫调节领域。