Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous features of oceanic circulation and important contributors to the transport of water and heat as well as chemical and biological constituents. In the Black Sea, mesoscale eddies, filaments and meanders are recognized as main agents facilitating the transport and distribution of nutrients and biomass between coastal regions and the open, deep sea. In this study, a high-resolution ocean model, Nucleus for a European Model of the Ocean (NEMO), is implemented for the Black Sea and used to create a hindcast simulation of circulation dynamics for the 1985–2014 period. This hindcast simulation is validated and then used to produce a detailed statistical investigation of the occurrence and behavior of mesoscale eddies in the Black Sea. For this purpose, an eddy identification and tracking algorithm (EddyScan) is applied and the kinematic properties of all eddies are detected, including eddy number, size, lifetime, excursion distance and their spatial distribution. The analysis shows that, on average, anticyclonic eddies are larger in diameter, have a longer lifetime and travel farther distances from the generation site than cyclonic eddies. However, the number of anticyclonic eddies generated is less than cyclones. Spatial distribution of eddies shows that cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies occupy much of the open Black Sea but few are found on the northwestern shelf. The density of anticyclonic eddies is especially high in the Sevastapol, Sinop, Kizilirmak and Batumi regions; while cyclonic eddy densities are high in the northern Black Sea along the Rim Current, north of the Batumi region, as well as in the center of the western and eastern Black Sea gyres. The number of eddies generated increases in spring and summer and decreases again in fall and winter due to changes in wind stress curl and its impact on Rim Current strength. The temporal evolution of long-lived eddies (>30 days) shows that after their creation, the diameters of cyclonic eddies increase for a period of 2–3 months, after which they reach a stable diameter. On the other hand, anticyclonic eddy diameters increase, on average, for a 5–6-month period and then reach a stable value. The vertical effects of these long-lived eddies generated in the Black Sea generally reach down to 150-200 m and hence intersect with the nitrate maximum and oxygen minimum zone. A first estimation shows that the simulated anticyclonic eddies in the Black Sea may have transported up to four times more water than cyclonic eddies over one year. The mean vertical flux induced by all cyclones generated in one year upwell ~ 0.63 Sv of water, while all anticyclones generated in one year downwell two times as much water or ~ 1.27 Sv over the top 100 m of the water column. This highlights the importance of eddies for the vertical transport of water and associated biochemical properties. In addition, eddies are able to connect different regions of the Black Sea as well as offshore/onshore regions along their paths and are of great importance for nutrient distribution and availability in the Black Sea.

中尺度涡旋是海洋环流普遍存在的特征，是水、热以及化学和生物成分传输的重要贡献者。在黑海，中尺度涡流、细丝和曲流被认为是促进沿海地区与开阔深海之间营养物质和生物量运输和分配的主要因素。在这项研究中，为黑海实施了高分辨率海洋模型，即欧洲海洋模型核 (NEMO)，并用于创建 1985-2014 年期间环流动力学的后报模拟。这种后报模拟经过验证，然后用于对黑海中尺度涡旋的发生和行为进行详细的统计调查。以此目的，应用涡流识别和跟踪算法 (EddyScan) 并检测所有涡流的运动学特性，包括涡流数、大小、寿命、偏移距离及其空间分布。分析表明，平均而言，与气旋涡旋相比，反气旋涡旋直径更大，寿命更长，距离发生地点更远。然而，产生的反气旋涡旋的数量少于气旋。涡旋的空间分布表明气旋和反气旋涡旋占据了黑海的大部分开阔海域，但在西北陆架上发现的很少。塞瓦斯塔波尔、锡诺普、克孜里尔马克和巴统地区的反气旋涡流密度特别高；而在黑海北部、巴统地区以北的环流沿岸，气旋涡流密度很高，以及西部和东部黑海环流的中心。由于风应力旋度的变化及其对环流强度的影响，产生的涡流数量在春季和夏季增加，在秋季和冬季再次减少。长寿命涡旋（>30 天）的时间演化表明，气旋涡旋形成后，其直径在 2-3 个月内增加，之后达到稳定直径。另一方面，反气旋涡旋直径平均增加 5-6 个月，然后达到稳定值。这些在黑海产生的长寿命涡流的垂直效应一般可达 150-200 m，因此与硝酸盐最大值和氧最小值区域相交。第一次估计表明，黑海中模拟的反气旋涡流在一年内输送的水量可能是气旋涡流的四倍。由一年上升流产生的所有气旋引起的平均垂直通量约为 0.63 Sv 水，而所有反气旋在一年下降时产生的水量是水柱顶部 100 m 的两倍或约 1.27 Sv。这突出了涡流对于水的垂直输送和相关生化特性的重要性。此外，涡流能够沿其路径连接黑海的不同区域以及近海/陆上区域，并且对于黑海的养分分布和可用性非常重要。由一年上升流产生的所有气旋引起的平均垂直通量约为 0.63 Sv 水，而所有反气旋在一年下降时产生的水量是水柱顶部 100 m 的两倍或约 1.27 Sv。这突出了涡流对于水的垂直输送和相关生化特性的重要性。此外，涡流能够沿其路径连接黑海的不同区域以及近海/陆上区域，并且对于黑海的养分分布和可用性非常重要。由一年上升流产生的所有气旋引起的平均垂直通量约为 0.63 Sv 水，而所有反气旋在一年下降时产生的水量是水柱顶部 100 m 的两倍或约 1.27 Sv。这突出了涡流对于水的垂直输送和相关生化特性的重要性。此外，涡流能够沿其路径连接黑海的不同区域以及近海/陆上区域，并且对于黑海的养分分布和可用性非常重要。