Soil erosion is still identified as the main cause of land degradation worldwide, threatening soil functions and driving several research and policy efforts to reverse it. Trees are commonly associated to some of the most successful land-use systems to achieve soil protection goals, but the extent to which forest ecosystems reduce erosion risks can largely depend on management decisions and associated silvicultural practices. Optimization tools can assist foresters in solving the complex planning problem they face, concerning the demand for different, and often conflicting, ecosystem services. A resource capability model (RCM), based on a linear programming approach, was built and solved for a forest landscape management problem in Northwest Portugal, over a 90-years planning horizon, divided in 10-years periods. Timber provision and soil erosion were found to be in trade-off. The management alternatives included in the model were proven to be sufficiently flexible to obtain the desired level of timber yield, both in volume and even distribution along the planning horizon, while ensuring lower levels of soil loss estimates (below 35 Mg∙ha− 1∙year− 1). However, under climate change conditions, compatible with an increasing greenhouse gases emission scenario, potential landscape soil erosion may be enhanced up to 46 Mg∙ha− 1∙year− 1 in critical periods. Soil conservation concerns in landscape-level forest management planning can be addressed by LP-based optimization methods. Besides providing an optimal management solution at landscape level, this approach enables a comprehensive analysis of the RCM, possible trade-offs and potential changes towards uncertainties.

中文翻译：

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优化土壤保护的森林管理：景观层面的方法

土壤侵蚀仍然被认为是世界范围内土地退化的主要原因，威胁着土壤功能并推动了多项研究和政策努力来扭转它。树木通常与一些最成功的土地利用系统相关，以实现土壤保护目标，但森林生态系统减少侵蚀风险的程度在很大程度上取决于管理决策和相关的造林做法。优化工具可以帮助林务员解决他们面临的复杂规划问题，涉及对不同且通常相互冲突的生态系统服务的需求。基于线性规划方法的资源能力模型 (RCM) 被构建并解决了葡萄牙西北部的森林景观管理问题，规划时间跨度超过 90 年，分为 10 年。发现木材供应和土壤侵蚀需要权衡。模型中包含的管理替代方案被证明具有足够的灵活性，可以在数量和沿规划范围的均匀分布方面获得所需的木材产量水平，同时确保较低的土壤流失估计水平（低于 35 Mg∙ha− 1∙年- 1）。然而，在气候变化条件下，与不断增加的温室气体排放情景相适应，在关键时期，潜在的景观水土流失可能会增加至 46 Mg∙ha− 1∙year− 1。景观级森林管理规划中的土壤保护问题可以通过基于 LP 的优化方法来解决。除了在景观层面提供最佳管理解决方案外，这种方法还可以对 RCM 进行全面分析，