The impact of bubbles on underwater acoustic communication has mostly been studied in environments with strong winds ( $>$ 12 m/s), and it has been found that the main impact is the strong attenuation due to dense bubble clouds. Without continuous replenishment during high winds, these dense bubble clouds dissipate rapidly in a few minutes, along with the strong attenuation. We find that after the dense bubble clouds dissipate, they leave behind a diffused bubble cloud with very small bubbles. The lifetime of this diffused bubble cloud is much longer than that of the dense bubble cloud. The attenuation due to these residual bubbles is small, but they result in an increase in channel variability due to their random motion. Furthermore, because they can be transported by currents to distant locations, we argue that these bubbles have a more persistent impact in many environments, including ones where winds are not very strong, but there are other sources of bubbles (e.g., shipping channels). We give a statistical characterization of the propagation through these bubbles, and show the impact on acoustic communications with experimental data.

中文翻译：

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长寿命气泡及其对水下声学通信的影响

气泡对水声通信的影响研究大多是在强风环境中进行的。 $>$ 12 m/s），并且已经发现主要影响是由于密集的气泡云造成的强烈衰减。在大风期间没有持续补充，这些密集的气泡云会在几分钟内迅速消散，伴随着强烈的衰减。我们发现，在密集的气泡云消散后，它们会留下一个带有非常小的气泡的扩散气泡云。这种扩散气泡云的寿命比密集气泡云的寿命长得多。由于这些残留气泡造成的衰减很小，但由于它们的随机运动会导致通道可变性增加。此外，因为它们可以通过洋流运送到遥远的地方，我们认为这些气泡在许多环境中具有更持久的影响，包括风不是很强的环境，但还有其他气泡来源（例如 例如，运输渠道）。我们给出了通过这些气泡的传播的统计特征，并用实验数据显示了对声学通信的影响。