Conventionally, forests and rice terraces are regarded as separate elements, and their interactions are largely overlooked. Afforestation of rice terraces has been regarded as a “failure” and is almost a taboo among households and policy-makers. We analyze the ecological interactions of afforestation for charcoal making and mushroom (shiitake, Lentinula edodes) production in former rice terraces and other types of farmland in the socio-ecological production/interacted landscape called satoyama, which is characterized by a mosaic distribution of land use. The study counters the argument that the preservation of farmland is the only way to sustain landscapes, biodiversity, and cultural ecosystem services; it contributes to the understanding of the impact of afforestation on the production of traditional non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and the practices of cultural forests.

To understand the impact of afforestation, this study focuses on afforestation in the traditional cyclical use of cultural forests (known as satoyama) in Noto and Kunisaki, which are culturally important sites listed among the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems. This study analyzed quantitative data, which included land use data from aerial photos, ecological data from afforestation sites in Noto, and a survey of shiitake producers in Kunisaki.

Despite the conversion of farmland, afforestation in satoyama can take place without diminishing the supply of cultural ecosystem services, facilitating the sustainable development of communities. Afforestation can maintain agricultural output by increasing the production of NTFPs. Afforested areas become educational sites where ecosystem services and the role of forests in satoyama landscapes can be studied. Traditional knowledge of ecosystem service provision and landscape management in forests and NTFP can be shared among tourists and participants in forest restoration. Tourists can explore surrounding cultural sites as the afforestation of cultural forests leads to the development of connections with historical walking paths. Furthermore, afforestation can generate more biodiversity benefits than the abandonment of longtime farmland; for example, the number of plant species increased in former orchards in Noto.

Thus, the impact of farmland afforestation in satoyama includes revitalization and the development of new cultural ecosystem services. Afforestation supports a higher level of biodiversity compared to the abandonment of farmland and rice paddies. This study counters the argument for the afforestation of rice paddies and open forests in satoyama and rediscovers the historical exchangeability between forests and farmland as part of traditional knowledge embedded in the cyclical use of cultural forests over a few decades (8–15 years for charcoal, 10–20 for shiitake (Lentinula edodes) production). Managed afforestation of farmland and the integration of traditional forest practice can be a reasonable option for land use management in response to extensive farmland abandonment and continuous rural decline.

传统上，森林和水稻梯田被视为独立的元素，它们的相互作用在很大程度上被忽视。梯田造林被视为“失败”，几乎成为家庭和决策者的禁忌。我们分析了在称为里山的社会生态生产/交互景观中的前水稻梯田和其他类型农田中的木炭制造造林和蘑菇（香菇，香菇）生产的生态相互作用，其特点是土地利用的马赛克分布。该研究反驳了以下论点，即保护农田是维持景观、生物多样性和文化生态系统服务的唯一途径；它有助于了解造林对传统非木材林产品 (NTFP) 生产和文化林实践的影响。

为了了解植树造林的影响，本研究重点关注能登和国崎传统循环利用文化林（称为里山）中的植树造林，这两个地区是被列入全球重要农业遗产系统的重要文化遗址。本研究分析了定量数据，其中包括来自航拍照片的土地利用数据、能登造林地点的生态数据以及对国崎香菇生产者的调查。

尽管农地转换，植树造林里山可以在不减少的文化生态系统服务的供给，促进社区的可持续发展。植树造林可以通过增加 NTFP 的产量来维持农业产量。绿化地区成为教育场所，在那里生态系统服务和森林在里山的作用可以研究风景。森林和 NTFP 中生态系统服务提供和景观管理的传统知识可以在森林恢复的游客和参与者之间共享。游客可以探索周围的文化遗址，因为文化林的植树造林导致与历史步行道的联系。此外，与废弃长期农田相比，植树造林可以产生更多的生物多样性效益；例如，能登原果园的植物种类增加了。

因此，农田造林的影响里山包括振兴和新的文化生态系统服务的发展。与废弃农田和稻田相比，植树造林支持更高水平的生物多样性。这项研究反驳了在里山植树造林稻田和开阔森林的论点，并重新发现了森林和农田之间的历史可交换性，这是几十年来循环使用文化森林中的传统知识的一部分（木炭为 8-15 年， 10-20 香菇（香菇） 生产）。有管理的农田造林和传统森林实践的结合可以成为应对广泛的农田遗弃和农村持续衰退的土地利用管理的合理选择。