The Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Dryobates borealis, RCW) was listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1973 due to significant population declines resulting from habitat loss and fragmentation, and the species has been intensively managed since then. We reviewed management strategies commonly used to conserve the RCW, emphasizing studies conducted after publication of the most recent Recovery Plan in 2003, to evaluate the efficacy of each strategy across the RCW’s range and identify demographic and environmental factors that influence the success of each strategy. Of the management strategies reviewed, outcomes from prescribed fire vary the most across the RCW’s range, because prescribed fire is influenced by the site’s vegetation, abiotic conditions, and land use history. The abundance of cavity kleptoparasites varies across sites, but kleptoparasite control is only a high priority in small RCW populations. The long-term effectiveness of artificial cavities and translocations, which are highly effective across the RCW’s range in the short-term, requires suitable habitat, which is strongly influenced by prescribed fire. Regional variation in RCW management may be needed, because RCW populations that are not in archetypical suitable habitat (sensu Recovery Plan Standards) may benefit from management methods that are not suitable for large RCW populations in archetypical habitats (e.g., installing many cavity restrictor plates and cavity inserts). RCW management strategies have been studied most in the South Central Plains and Southeastern Plains ecoregions, and more research in other ecoregions would be valuable. We encourage consideration of how management varies according to population demographics and site characteristics as opposed to a “one-size fits all” management approach for the RCW, which inhabits broad geographic ranges and sites of varying productivity and will continue to rely on management efforts after downlisting or delisting from the Endangered Species Act.

中文翻译：

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红头啄木鸟管理策略的综合及对未来管理区域特异性的建议

由于栖息地丧失和破碎化导致种群数量显着下降，红冠啄木鸟（Dryobates borealis，RCW）于 1973 年被列入美国濒危物种法案，此后该物种一直受到集中管理。我们回顾了通常用于保护 RCW 的管理策略，强调在 2003 年发布最新的恢复计划后进行的研究，以评估每个策略在 RCW 范围内的有效性，并确定影响每个策略成功的人口和环境因素。在审查的管理策略中，规定火灾的结果在 RCW 范围内变化最大，因为规定火灾受到场地植被、非生物条件和土地利用历史的影响。不同地点的空腔盗贼寄生虫的丰度不同，但在小型 RCW 人群中，控制盗窃寄生虫只是一个高度优先事项。短期内在 RCW 范围内非常有效的人工空腔和易位的长期有效性需要合适的栖息地，这会受到规定火灾的强烈影响。可能需要 RCW 管理的区域差异，因为不在典型适宜栖息地的 RCW 种群（感官恢复计划标准）可能会受益于不适合在典型栖息地中的大量 RCW 种群的管理方法（例如，安装许多空腔限制板和腔插入）。RCW管理策略在中南平原和东南平原生态区的研究最多，其他生态区的更多研究将是有价值的。