Objective Adolescent depression is increasing during the COVID-19 pandemic, possibly related to dramatic social changes. Individual-level factors that contribute to social functioning, such as temperament and neural reactivity to social feedback, may confer risk for or resilience against depressive symptoms during the pandemic. Methods Ninety-three girls (12–17 years) oversampled for high shy/fearful temperament were recruited from a longitudinal study for a follow-up COVID-19 study. During the parent study (2016–2018), participants completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging task eliciting neural activity to performance-related social feedback. Depressive symptoms were assessed during the parent study and COVID-19 follow-up (April–May 2020). In 65 participants with complete data, we examined how interactions between temperament and neural activation to social reward or punishment in a socio-affective brain network predict depressive symptoms during COVID-19. Results Depressive symptoms increased during COVID-19. Significant interactions between temperament and caudate, putamen, and insula activation to social reward were found. Girls high in shy/fearful temperament showed negative associations between neural activation to social reward and COVID-19 depressive symptoms, whereas girls lower in shy/fearful temperament showed positive associations. Conclusions Girls high in shy/fearful temperament with reduced neural activation to social reward may be less likely to engage socially, which could be detrimental during the pandemic when social interactions are limited. In contrast, girls lower in shy/fearful temperament with heightened neural reactivity to social reward may be highly motivated to engage socially, which could also be detrimental with limited social opportunities. In both cases, improving social connection during the pandemic may attenuate or prevent depressive symptoms.

中文翻译：

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对社会奖励的神经反应可预测 COVID-19 大流行期间青春期女孩的抑郁症状


目的 在 COVID-19 大流行期间，青少年抑郁症有所增加，这可能与剧烈的社会变化有关。有助于社会功能的个人因素，例如气质和对社会反馈的神经反应，可能会增加大流行期间抑郁症状的风险或抵抗力。方法 从纵向研究中招募了 93 名因高度害羞/恐惧气质而被过度抽样的女孩（12-17 岁），进行后续的 COVID-19 研究。在家长研究（2016-2018）期间，参与者完成了功能性磁共振成像任务，引发神经活动以表现相关的社会反馈。在家长研究和 COVID-19 随访期间（2020 年 4 月至 5 月）评估了抑郁症状。在 65 名拥有完整数据的参与者中，我们研究了社会情感大脑网络中的气质和神经激活对社会奖励或惩罚之间的相互作用如何预测 COVID-19 期间的抑郁症状。结果 COVID-19 期间抑郁症状有所增加。研究发现，气质与尾状核、壳核和岛叶激活对社会奖赏之间存在显着的相互作用。害羞/恐惧气质高的女孩在社交奖励的神经激活与 COVID-19 抑郁症状之间表现出负相关，而害羞/恐惧气质低的女孩则表现出正相关。结论 性格害羞/害怕、对社会奖励的神经激活减少的女孩可能不太可能参与社交活动，这在大流行期间社交互动受到限制的情况下可能是有害的。 相比之下，害羞/恐惧气质较低且对社会奖励的神经反应较高的女孩可能会高度积极地参与社交活动，这也可能因社交机会有限而有害。在这两种情况下，在大流行期间改善社会联系可能会减轻或预防抑郁症状。