The concept that geospace storms are comprised of synergistically coupled magnetic storms, ionospheric storms, atmospheric storms, and storms in the electric field originating in the magnetosphere, the ionosphere, and the atmosphere (i.e., electrical storms) was validated a few decades ago. Geospace storm studies require the employment of multiple-method approaches to the Sun–interplanetary medium–magnetosphere–ionosphere–atmosphere–Earth system. This study provides general analysis of the 30 August–2 September 2019 geospace storm, the analysis of disturbances in the geomagnetic field and in the ionosphere, as well as the influence of the ionospheric storm on the characteristics of high frequency (HF) radio waves over the People's Republic of China. The main results of the study are as follows. The energy and power of the geospace storm have been estimated to be 1.5×10¹⁵ J and 1.5×10¹⁰ W, and thus, this storm is weak. The energy and power of the magnetic storm have been estimated to be 1.5×10¹⁵ J and 9×10⁹ W, i.e., this storm is moderate, and a characteristic feature of this storm is the duration of the main phase of up to 2 d. The recovery phase also was lengthy and was no less than 2 d. On 31 August and 1 September 2019, the variations in the H and D components attained 60–70 nT, while the Z-component variations did not exceed 20 nT. On 31 August and 1 September 2019, the level of fluctuations in the geomagnetic field in the 100–1000 s period range increased from 0.2–0.3 to 2–4 nT, while the energy of the oscillations showed a maximum in the 300–400 to 700–900 s period range. During the geospace storm, a moderately to strongly negative ionospheric storm manifested itself by the reduction in the ionospheric F-region electron density by a factor of 1.4 to 2.4 times on 31 August and 1 September 2019, compared to the its values on the reference day. Appreciable disturbances were also observed to occur in the ionospheric E region and possibly in the E_s layer. In the course of the ionospheric storm, the altitude of reflection of radio waves could sharply increase from ∼150 to ∼300–310 km. The atmospheric gravity waves generated within the geospace storm modulated the ionospheric electron density; for the ∼30 min period oscillation, the amplitude of the electron density disturbances could attain ∼40 %, while it did not exceed 6 % for the ∼15 min period. At the same time, the height of reflection of the radio waves varied quasi-periodically with a 20–30 km amplitude. The results obtained have made a contribution to the understanding of the geospace storm physics, to developing theoretical and empirical models of geospace storms, to the acquisition of detailed understanding of the adverse effects that geospace storms have on radio wave propagation, and to applying that knowledge to effective forecasting of these adverse influences.

中文翻译：

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2019 年 8 月 30 日至 9 月 2 日地球空间风暴期间磁场和电离层的动态过程：对高频无线电波特性的影响

地球空间风暴由协同耦合的磁暴、电离层风暴、大气风暴以及源自磁层、电离层和大气的电场风暴（即电风暴）组成的概念在几十年前得到验证。地球空间风暴研究需要对太阳-行星际介质-磁层-电离层-大气-地球系统采用多种方法。本研究提供了 2019 年 8 月 30 日至 9 月 2 日地球空间风暴的总体分析、地磁场和电离层扰动的分析以及电离层风暴对高频 (HF) 无线电波特征的影响中华人民共和国。研究的主要结果如下。1.5×10 ¹⁵  J 和1.5×10 ¹⁰  W，因此，这场风暴很弱。磁暴的能量和功率估计为1.5×10 ¹⁵  J和9×10 ⁹  W，即该磁暴是中等的，该磁暴的一个特征是主相持续时间长达2 d. 恢复期也很长，不少于2 d。2019 年 8 月 31 日和 9 月 1 日，H 和D 分量的变化达到 60-70 nT，而Z- 组件变化不超过 20 nT。2019 年 8 月 31 日和 9 月 1 日，地磁场在 100-1000 s 周期范围内的波动水平从 0.2-0.3 nT 增加到 2-4 nT，而振荡能量在 300-400 到700-900 秒的周期范围。在地球空间风暴期间，与参考日的值相比，2019 年 8 月 31 日和 9 月 1 日电离层 F 区电子密度降低了 1.4 到 2.4 倍，表现为中度至强负电离层风暴. 在电离层 E 区和可能在E _s 层中也观察到了明显的扰动。在电离层风暴过程中，无线电波的反射高度可能从~ 150 到300 –310 公里。地球空间风暴中产生的大气重力波调制了电离层电子密度；为约30 分钟内振荡，电子密度扰动的振幅可以达到〜40  ％，而它没有为超过6％〜15 分钟的时间。同时，无线电波的反射高度准周期性地变化，幅度为 20-30 公里。获得的结果有助于理解地球空间风暴物理，开发地球空间风暴的理论和经验模型，详细了解地球空间风暴对无线电波的不利影响。 传播，并将这些知识应用于有效预测这些不利影响。