Objective:Acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration in humans (Lawn etal., 2016) and rats (Silveira, Adams, Morena, Hill, & Winstanley, 2016) has been associated with decreased effort allocation that may explain amotivation during acute cannabis intoxication. To date, however, whether residual effects of cannabis use on effort-based decision-making are present and observable in humans have not yet been determined. The goal of this study was to test whether prolonged cannabis use has residual effects on effort-based decision-making in 24-hr abstinent cannabis using adults.Method:We evaluated performance on the Effort Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT) in 41 adult cannabis users (mean age = 24.63 years, 21 males) and 45 nonusers (mean age = 23.90 years, 19 males). A mixed 2x3x3 ANOVA with age as a covariate was performed to examine the effect of group, probability of winning, and reward amount on EEfRT performance. EEfRT performance was operationalized as % of trials for which the hard (vs. easy) condition was chosen. Pearson’s correlations were conducted to test the relationship between EEfRT performance and measures of cannabis use, anhedonia and motivation.Results:We found that cannabis users selected hard trials significantly more than nonusers regardless of win probability or reward level. Frequency of cannabis use was positively correlated with amount of % hard trials chosen. There were no significant correlations between % hard trials chosen, self-reported anhedonia, or motivation.Conclusions:These results suggest that unlike acute effects, residual effects of cannabis following 24 hrs of abstinence are associated with greater effort allocation during effort-based decision-making.

中文翻译：

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大麻使用对基于努力的决策的残余影响

目的：人类（Lawn 等人，2016 年）和大鼠（Silveira、Adams、Morena、Hill 和 Winstanley，2016 年）的急性 Δ9-四氢大麻酚 (THC) 给药与努力分配减少有关，这可能解释了急性大麻中毒期间的动机. 然而，迄今为止，无论剩余的大麻使用对基于努力的决策的影响是存在的，并且在人类中可观察到的影响尚未确定。本研究的目的是测试长期使用大麻是否对使用成人的 24 小时禁欲大麻中基于努力的决策产生残余影响。方法：我们评估了 41 种成人大麻的奖励任务努力支出 (EEfRT) 的表现用户（平均年龄 = 24.63 岁，21 名男性）和 45 名非用户（平均年龄 = 23.90 岁，19 名男性）。执行以年龄为协变量的混合 2x3x3 ANOVA，以检查组、获胜概率和奖励金额对 EEfRT 性能的影响。EEfRT 性能被操作为硬（对比. 容易）条件被选择。进行 Pearson 的相关性以测试 EEfRT 表现与大麻使用、快感缺失和动机测量之间的关系。结果：我们发现，无论获胜概率或奖励水平如何，大麻使用者都比非使用者更明显地选择了艰苦的试验。使用大麻的频率与选择的困难试验百分比呈正相关。选择的艰苦试验百分比、自我报告的快感缺乏或动机之间没有显着相关性。结论：这些结果表明，与急性效应不同，大麻在 24 小时禁欲后的残留效应与基于努力的决策过程中更大的努力分配相关制造。