Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is posing serious health challenges for people across the globe due to high morbidity and mortality. However, none of the agents prevents or limits the damage caused by TBI because of its multifactorial etiology. Thus, the discovery of novel agents which can act via several pathways could serve the purpose and afford favorable consequence against TBI. Therefore, in the present article, we intended to investigate the protective effect of rhamnazin (RMZ), a dimethoxyflavone against experimentally induced TBI in mice. Methods: The effect of RMZ was investigated on cerebral edema and grip test score after induction of experimental brain injury in rats. The effect of RMZ was also investigated on neuronal degeneration in brain tissues of the experimental mice via Nissl staining and flow cytometry analysis. The expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was also quantified using Western blot analysis. The level of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) was also determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: RMZ showed a significant reduction in edema and improved grip strength. It also prevented neuronal degeneration via inhibition of neuronal apoptosis as shown by flow cytometry analysis. RMZ showed an antiapoptotic effect via reduction of Bax and increased the expression of Bcl-2 in Western blot analysis. It also showed to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation compared to the TBI group. Conclusion: Collectively, our study is first to demonstrate the protective effect of RMZ against experimentally induced TBI in rats.
Neuroimmunomodulation

中文翻译：

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鼠李津通过减少细胞凋亡、氧化应激和炎症改善小鼠的创伤性脑损伤

背景：由于高发病率和死亡率，创伤性脑损伤 (TBI) 正在给全球人民带来严重的健康挑战。然而，由于其多因素病因，没有一种药物可以预防或限制 TBI 造成的损害。因此，发现可以通过多种途径发挥作用的新型药物可以达到目的，并对 TBI 产生有利的结果。因此，在本文中，我们打算研究鼠李嗪 (RMZ)，一种二甲氧基黄酮对小鼠实验性 TBI 的保护作用。方法：研究了 RMZ 对大鼠实验性脑损伤诱导后脑水肿和握力试验评分的影响。还通过尼氏染色和流式细胞术分析研究了 RMZ 对实验小鼠脑组织中神经元变性的影响。Bax 和 Bcl-2 的表达也使用蛋白质印迹分析进行量化。还使用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定炎性细胞因子（TNF-α 和 IL-1β）和氧化应激标志物（丙二醛、超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶）的水平。结果：RMZ 显着减少了水肿并提高了握力。如流式细胞术分析所示，它还通过抑制神经元凋亡来预防神经元变性。在蛋白质印迹分析中，RMZ 通过减少 Bax 和增加 Bcl-2 的表达而显示出抗凋亡作用。与 TBI 组相比，它还显示出抑制氧化应激和炎症。结论：总的来说，我们的研究首先证明了 RMZ 对大鼠实验性 TBI 的保护作用。
神经免疫调节