Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis (PPAS) is a rare and underdiagnosed phenomenon that is reported infrequently in adult patients. Most patients with PPAS have concomitant congenital heart diseases, a history of palliative surgical therapies during childhood, or syndromic characteristics. Acquired cases are rare, and they are underestimated in adulthood and managed inappropriately. This case series describes 3 adult patients with PPAS of diverse etiologies and discusses their underlying causes, diagnostic modalities, and treatment strategies. In patients with PPAS, sufficient heed should be paid to endovascular interventions such as balloon dilation and primary or bailout stenting, not least vis-à-vis the type and size of balloons or stents as well as complications and preventive strategies.

中文翻译：

---

不同病因外周肺动脉狭窄成人患者的治疗困境

外周肺动脉狭窄 (PPAS) 是一种罕见且未被充分诊断的现象，在成年患者中很少报道。大多数 PPAS 患者伴有先天性心脏病、儿童期姑息性手术治疗史或综合征特征。获得性病例很少见，在成年期被低估并且管理不当。本病例系列描述了 3 名不同病因的 PPAS 成年患者，并讨论了他们的根本原因、诊断方式和治疗策略。对于 PPAS 患者，应充分注意血管内介入治疗，例如球囊扩张和初始或紧急支架置入术，尤其是球囊或支架的类型和尺寸以及并发症和预防策略。