In order to assess the thermo-hydraulic modelling capabilities of various geothermal simulators, a comparative test suite was created, consisting of a set of cases designed with conditions relevant to the low-enthalpy range of geothermal operations within the European HEATSTORE research project. In an effort to increase confidence in the usage of each simulator, the suite was used as a benchmark by a set of 10 simulators of diverse origin, formulation, and licensing characteristics: COMSOL, MARTHE, ComPASS, Nexus-CSMP++, MOOSE, SEAWATv4, CODE_BRIGHT, Tough3, PFLOTRAN, and Eclipse 100.

The synthetic test cases (TCs) consist of a transient pressure test verification (TC1), a well-test comparison (TC2), a thermal transport experiment validation (TC3), and a convection onset comparison (TC4), chosen to represent well-defined subsets of the coupled physical processes acting in subsurface geothermal operations. The results from the four test cases were compared among the participants, to known analytical solutions, and to experimental measurements where applicable, to establish them as reference expectations for future studies. A basic description, problem specification, and corresponding results are presented and discussed.

Most participating simulators were able to perform most tests reliably at a level of accuracy that is considered sufficient for application to modelling tasks in real geothermal projects. Significant relative deviations from the reference solutions occurred where strong, sudden (e.g. initial) gradients affected the accuracy of the numerical discretization, but also due to sub-optimal model setup caused by simulator limitations (e.g. providing an equation of state for water properties).

为了评估各种地热模拟器的热工水力建模能力，我们创建了一个比较测试套件，其中包含一组案例，这些案例设计的条件与欧洲 HEATSTORE 研究项目中地热操作的低焓范围相关。为了提高对每个模拟器使用的信心，该套件被一组 10 个具有不同来源、配方和许可特征的模拟器用作基准：COMSOL、MARTHE、ComPASS、Nexus-CSMP++、MOOSE、SEAWATv4、 CODE_BRIGHT、Tough3、PFLOTRAN 和 Eclipse 100。

综合测试案例 (TC) 包括瞬态压力测试验证 (TC1)、试井比较 (TC2)、热输运实验验证 (TC3) 和对流开始比较 (TC4)，选择代表井-作用于地下地热作业的耦合物理过程的定义子集。四个测试案例的结果在参与者之间进行了比较，与已知的分析解决方案以及适用的实验测量值进行了比较，以将它们作为未来研究的参考预期。介绍和讨论了基本描述、问题说明和相应的结果。

大多数参与的模拟器能够以被认为足以应用于实际地热项目中的建模任务的精度水平可靠地执行大多数测试。在强烈、突然（例如初始）梯度影响数值离散化精度的情况下，也会出现与参考解的显着相对偏差，但也是由于模拟器限制（例如提供水属性状态方程）导致的次优模型设置。