Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous in the environment and 193 species of NTM have been discovered thus far. NTM species vary in virulence from benign environmental organisms to difficult-to-treat human pathogens. Pulmonary infections remain the most common manifestation of NTM disease in humans and bronchiectasis continues to be a major risk factor for NTM pulmonary disease (NTM PD). This article will provide a useful introduction and framework for clinicians involved in the management of bronchiectasis and NTM. It includes an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of NTM PD. We will address the challenges faced in the diagnosis of NTM PD and the importance of subspeciation in guiding treatment and follow-up, especially in Mycobacterium abscessus infections. The treatment of both Mycobacterium avium complex and M. abscessus, the two most common NTM species known to cause disease, will be discussed in detail. Elements of the recent ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA NTM guidelines published in 2020 will also be reviewed.

非结核分枝杆菌 (NTM) 在环境中无处不在，迄今已发现 193 种 NTM。NTM 物种的毒力从良性环境生物到难以治疗的人类病原体都有所不同。肺部感染仍然是人类 NTM 疾病最常见的表现，支气管扩张仍然是 NTM 肺部疾病 (NTM PD) 的主要危险因素。本文将为参与支气管扩张和 NTM 管理的临床医生提供有用的介绍和框架。它包括对 NTM PD 的流行病学、发病机制、诊断和管理的概述。我们将解决 NTM PD 诊断中面临的挑战以及亚种在指导治疗和随访中的重要性，特别是在脓肿分枝杆菌中感染。将详细讨论鸟分枝杆菌复合体和脓肿分枝杆菌这两种最常见的导致疾病的 NTM 物种的治疗。还将审查 2020 年发布的最新 ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA NTM 指南的要素。