ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic human pathogen, which is a leading cause of infections worldwide. The challenge in treating S. aureus infection is linked to the development of multidrug-resistant strains and the mechanisms employed by this pathogen to evade the human immune defenses. In addition, S. aureus can hide asymptomatically in particular ‘protective’ niches of the human body for prolonged periods of time. In the present review, we highlight recently gained insights in the role of the human gut as an endogenous S. aureus reservoir next to the nasopharynx and oral cavity. In addition, we address the contribution of these ecological niches to staphylococcal transmission, including the roles of particular triggers as modulators of the bacterial dissemination. In this context, we present recent advances concerning the interactions between S. aureus and immune cells to understand their possible roles as vehicles of dissemination from the gut to other body sites. Lastly, we discuss the factors that contribute to the switch from colonization to infection. Altogether, we conclude that an important key to uncovering the pathogenesis of S. aureus infection lies hidden in the endogenous staphylococcal reservoirs, the trafficking of this bacterium through the human body and the subsequent immune responses.

中文翻译：

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葡萄球菌贩运和感染——从“鼻子到肠道”再到背部

摘要

金黄色葡萄球菌是一种机会性人类病原体，是全球感染的主要原因。治疗金黄色葡萄球菌感染的挑战与多重耐药菌株的发展以及该病原体用于逃避人类免疫防御的机制有关。此外，金黄色葡萄球菌可以长时间无症状地隐藏在人体的“保护性”壁龛中。在本综述中，我们重点介绍了最近在人类肠道作为内源性金黄色葡萄球菌的作用方面获得的见解鼻咽和口腔旁边的水库。此外，我们讨论了这些生态位对葡萄球菌传播的贡献，包括特定触发因素作为细菌传播调节剂的作用。在这种情况下，我们介绍了有关金黄色葡萄球菌和免疫细胞之间相互作用的最新进展，以了解它们作为从肠道传播到其他身体部位的媒介的可能作用。最后，我们讨论了导致从定植到感染的转变的因素。总而言之，我们得出结论，揭示金黄色葡萄球菌感染发病机制的一个重要关键在于内源性葡萄球菌宿主、这种细菌通过人体的运输以及随后的免疫反应。