Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined by a sudden loss of excretory kidney function. AKI is part of a range of conditions summarized as acute kidney diseases and disorders (AKD), in which slow deterioration of kidney function or persistent kidney dysfunction is associated with an irreversible loss of kidney cells and nephrons, which can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). New biomarkers to identify injury before function loss await clinical implementation. AKI and AKD are a global concern. In low-income and middle-income countries, infections and hypovolaemic shock are the predominant causes of AKI. In high-income countries, AKI mostly occurs in elderly patients who are in hospital, and is related to sepsis, drugs or invasive procedures. Infection and trauma-related AKI and AKD are frequent in all regions. The large spectrum of AKI implies diverse pathophysiological mechanisms. AKI management in critical care settings is challenging, including appropriate volume control, nephrotoxic drug management, and the timing and type of kidney support. Fluid and electrolyte management are essential. As AKI can be lethal, kidney replacement therapy is frequently required. AKI has a poor prognosis in critically ill patients. Long-term consequences of AKI and AKD include CKD and cardiovascular morbidity. Thus, prevention and early detection of AKI are essential.

急性肾损伤 (AKI) 定义为排泄性肾功能突然丧失。AKI 是一系列总结为急性肾脏疾病和病症 (AKD) 的病症的一部分，其中肾功能缓慢恶化或持续性肾功能障碍与肾细胞和肾单位的不可逆损失有关，这可能导致慢性肾病（散件）。在功能丧失之前识别损伤的新生物标志物等待临床实施。AKI 和 AKD 是全球关注的问题。在低收入和中等收入国家，感染和低血容量性休克是 AKI 的主要原因。在高收入国家，AKI多发生在住院的老年患者身上，与败血症、药物或侵入性操作有关。感染和创伤相关的 AKI 和 AKD 在所有地区都很常见。广泛的 AKI 意味着不同的病理生理机制。重症监护环境中的 AKI 管理具有挑战性，包括适当的容量控制、肾毒性药物管理以及肾脏支持的时间和类型。液体和电解质管理至关重要。由于 AKI 可能是致命的，因此经常需要肾脏替代疗法。AKI 在重症患者中预后较差。AKI 和 AKD 的长期后果包括 CKD 和心血管发病率。因此，预防和早期发现 AKI 至关重要。经常需要肾脏替代疗法。AKI 在重症患者中预后较差。AKI 和 AKD 的长期后果包括 CKD 和心血管发病率。因此，预防和早期发现 AKI 至关重要。经常需要肾脏替代疗法。AKI 在重症患者中预后较差。AKI 和 AKD 的长期后果包括 CKD 和心血管发病率。因此，预防和早期发现 AKI 至关重要。