The persistence of pathogenic microorganisms in treated wastewater effluent makes disinfection crucial to achieve wastewater reuse. Membrane processes such as ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (RO) have shown promising results for virus and other contaminant removal from treated wastewater effluents for reuse application. However, RO produces a concentrate stream which contains high concentrations of pathogens and contaminants that often requires treatment and volume reduction before disposal. Membrane distillation (MD) is a treatment process that can reduce RO concentrate volume while augmenting the potable water supply. MD is also a dual barrier approach for virus removal as it operates at a high temperature and permeates only the vapor phase through the membrane interface. The effects of temperature on viable virus concentration and membrane rejection of viruses in MD are investigated in this study using two nonenveloped phages frequently used as enteric virus surrogates (MS2 and PhiX174) and an enveloped pathogenic virus (HCoV-229E). At typical MD operating temperatures (greater than 65 °C), viable concentrations of all three viruses were reduced by thermal inactivation by more than 6-log₁₀ for MS2 and PhiX174 and more than 3-log₁₀ for HCoV-229E. Also, membrane rejection was greater than 6-log₁₀ for MS2 and PhiX174 and greater than 2.5-log₁₀ for HCoV-229E.

中文翻译：

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膜蒸馏为冠状病毒和噬菌体去除提供双重屏障

经过处理的废水中病原微生物的持续存在使得消毒对于实现废水回用至关重要。超滤和反渗透 (RO) 等膜工艺在从处理后的废水中去除病毒和其他污染物以供再利用方面已显示出有希望的结果。然而，反渗透产生的浓缩液中含有高浓度的病原体和污染物，在处置前通常需要进行处理和减少体积。膜蒸馏 (MD) 是一种处理工艺，可以减少反渗透浓缩液体积，同时增加饮用水供应。MD 也是一种去除病毒的双重屏障方法，因为它在高温下运行，并且仅通过膜界面渗透气相。本研究使用两种常用作肠道病毒替代物的无包膜噬菌体（MS2 和 PhiX174）和一种有包膜致病病毒（HCoV-229E），研究了温度对 MD 中活病毒浓度和病毒膜排斥的影响。_{在典型的 MD 工作温度（大于 65 °C）下，所有三种病毒的活浓度均因热灭活而降低，MS2 和 PhiX174 的存活浓度降低了 6-log 10}以上，HCoV-229E 的存活浓度降低了 3-log 10_以上。此外，MS2 和 PhiX174 的膜排斥大于 6-log ₁₀ ， HCoV-229E 的膜排斥大于 2.5-log _{10 。}