Public participation in scientific research has gained prominence in many scientific fields, but the theory of participatory research is still limited. In this paper, we suggest that the divergence of values and goals between academic researchers and public participants in research is key to analyzing the different forms this research takes. We examine two existing characterizations of participatory research: one in terms of public participants' role in the research, the other in terms of the virtues of the research. In our view, each of these captures an important feature of participatory research but is, on its own, limited in what features it takes into account. We introduce an expanded conception of norms of collaboration that extends to both academic researchers and public participants. We suggest that satisfying these norms requires consideration of the two groups' possibly divergent values and goals, and that a broad characterization of participatory research that starts from participants' values and goals can motivate both public participants’ role in the research and the virtues of the research. The resulting framework clarifies the similarities and differences among participatory projects and can help guide the responsible design of such projects.

公众参与科学研究在许多科学领域都得到了重视，但参与性研究的理论仍然有限。在本文中，我们认为学术研究人员和研究公众参与者之间的价值观和目标的分歧是分析这项研究所采取的不同形式的关键。我们研究了参与性研究的两个现有特征：一个是公众参与者在研究中的角色，另一个是研究的优点。在我们看来，这些都体现了参与式研究的一个重要特征，但就其本身而言，它所考虑的特征有限。我们引入了一个扩展的合作规范概念，该概念延伸到学术研究人员和公众参与者。我们建议满足这些规范需要考虑两个群体可能不同的价值观和目标，并且从参与者的价值观和目标开始的参与性研究的广泛特征可以激发公众参与者在研究中的作用和研究的美德。研究。由此产生的框架阐明了参与项目之间的异同，并有助于指导此类项目的负责任设计。