Renewable energy, sustainable seafood, and a healthy marine ecosystem are integral elements of a sustainable blue economy. The rapid global advancement of offshore wind coupled with its potential to affect marine life compels an urgent need for robust methodologies to assess the impacts of this industry on fisheries resource species. Basic Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) and Control-Impact (CI) designs are the most common experimental designs used to study the effects of offshore wind development on fisheries resources. These designs do not account for spatial heterogeneity despite empirical evidence showing that impact gradients occur at wind farms, with larger effect sizes close to turbine foundations that attenuate with increasing distance. Combining the before-after sampling design with distance-based methods could provide a powerful approach for characterizing both the spatial and temporal variance associated with wind development. Toward enhancing future monitoring designs for fisheries resource species at offshore wind farms, this paper aims to: 1) examine distance-based sampling methods that have been or could potentially be used to study impacts on fisheries resources at offshore wind farms including distance-stratified BACI, distance-stratified CI, Before-After-Gradient (BAG), and After-Gradient (AG) methods; 2) synthesize the methods and findings of studies conducted to date that have used distance-based methods to examine ecological impacts of offshore wind development for benthic macroinvertebrates, finfish, birds, and small mammals; 3) examine some of the central methodological elements and issues to consider in developing distance-based impact studies; and 4) offer recommendations for how to incorporate distance-based sampling methods into monitoring plans at offshore wind farms.

中文翻译：

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用于评估海上风电场生态效应的基于距离的采样方法：渔业资源研究的综合和应用

可再生能源、可持续海产品和健康的海洋生态系统是可持续蓝色经济的组成部分。海上风电在全球的快速发展及其影响海洋生物的潜力迫使迫切需要可靠的方法来评估该行业对渔业资源物种的影响。基本的前后控制影响 (BACI) 和控制影响 (CI) 设计是最常见的实验设计，用于研究海上风电开发对渔业资源的影响。尽管经验证据表明风电场会发生冲击梯度，但这些设计并未考虑空间异质性，靠近涡轮机基础的效应尺寸较大，随着距离的增加而衰减。将前后采样设计与基于距离的方法相结合，可以提供一种强大的方法来表征与风发展相关的空间和时间变化。为了加强对海上风电场渔业资源物种的未来监测设计，本文旨在：1) 研究已经或可能用于研究对海上风电场渔业资源影响的基于距离的采样方法，包括距离分层 BACI 、距离分层 CI、Before-After-Gradient (BAG) 和 After-Gradient (AG) 方法；2) 综合迄今为止使用基于距离的方法来检查海上风力开发对底栖大型无脊椎动物、有鳍鱼类、鸟类和小型哺乳动物的生态影响的研究方法和结果；3) 审查在开展基于距离的影响研究时要考虑的一些核心方法论要素和问题；4) 就如何将基于距离的采样方法纳入海上风电场的监测计划提出建议。