It should now be recognized that codes are central to life and to understanding its more complex forms, including human culture. Recognizing the ‘conventional’ nature of codes provides solid grounds for rejecting efforts to reduce life to biochemistry and justifies according a place to semantics in life. The question I want to consider is whether this is enough. Focussing on Eigen's paradox of how a complex code could originate, I will argue that along with Barbieri's efforts to account for the origins of life based on the ribosome and then to account for the refined codes through a process of ambiguity reduction, something more is required. Barbieri has not provided an adequate account of emergence, or the basis for providing such an account. I will argue that Stanley Salthe has clarified to some extent the nature of emergence by conceptualizing it as the interpolation of new enabling constraints. Clearly, codes can be seen as enabling constraints. How this actually happens, though, is still not explained. Stuart Kauffman has grappled with this issue and shown that it radically challenges the assumptions of mainstream science going back to Newton. He has attempted to reintroduce real possibilities or potentialities into his ontology, and argued that radically new developments in nature are associated with realizing adjacent possibles. This is still not adequate. What is also involved, I will suggest, utilizing concepts developed by the French natural philosopher Gilbert Simondon, is ‘transduction’ as part of ‘ontogenesis’ of individuals in a process of ‘individuation’, that is, the emergence of ‘individuals’ from preindividual fields or milieux.

现在应该认识到，代码对于生活和理解其更复杂的形式（包括人类文化）至关重要。认识到代码的“传统”性质为拒绝将生命简化为生物化学的努力提供了坚实的基础，并证明了在生命中赋予语义地位的理由。我想考虑的问题是这是否足够。着眼于 Eigen 的复杂代码如何起源的悖论，我将争辩说，随着 Barbieri 努力解释基于核糖体的生命起源，然后通过减少歧义的过程来解释精炼的代码，还需要更多的东西. Barbieri 没有提供关于出现的充分说明，或提供这种说明的基础。我将争辩说，Stanley Salthe 通过将涌现概念化为新的启用约束的插值，在某种程度上阐明了涌现的性质。显然，代码可以被视为启用约束。然而，这实际上是如何发生的，仍然没有得到解释。斯图尔特考夫曼一直在努力解决这个问题，并表明它从根本上挑战了可以追溯到牛顿的主流科学假设。他试图将真实的可能性或潜力重新引入他的本体论，并认为自然界的全新发展与实现相邻的可能性有关。这仍然不够。我将建议，利用法国自然哲学家吉尔伯特·西蒙东（Gilbert Simondon）提出的概念，还涉及到作为“个体化”过程中个体“个体发生”的一部分的“转导”，也就是说，