Signals from the tumor microenvironment (TME) have a profound influence on the maintenance and progression of cancers. Chronic inflammation and the infiltration of immune cells in breast cancer (BC) have been strongly associated with early carcinogenic events and a switch to a more immunosuppressive response. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant stromal component and can modulate tumor progression according to their secretomes. The immune cells including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and helper T cell (Th)), monocyte-infiltrating cells (MICs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), mast cells (MCs), and natural killer cells (NKs) play an important part in the immunological balance, fluctuating TME between protumoral and antitumoral responses. In this review article, we have summarized the impact of these immunological players together with CAF secreted substances in driving BC progression. We explain the crosstalk of CAFs and tumor-infiltrating immune cells suppressing antitumor response in BC, proposing these cellular entities as predictive markers of poor prognosis. CAF-tumor-infiltrating immune cell interaction is suggested as an alternative therapeutic strategy to regulate the immunosuppressive microenvironment in BC.

中文翻译：

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肿瘤浸润免疫细胞与癌症相关成纤维细胞在乳腺癌肿瘤生长和免疫抑制中的串扰

来自肿瘤微环境 (TME) 的信号对癌症的维持和进展具有深远的影响。乳腺癌 (BC) 中的慢性炎症和免疫细胞浸润与早期致癌事件和转向更具免疫抑制反应的反应密切相关。癌症相关成纤维细胞 (CAF) 是最丰富的基质成分，可以根据其分泌组调节肿瘤进展。免疫细胞包括肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞（TILs）（细胞毒性T细胞（CTLs）、调节性T细胞（Tregs）和辅助性T细胞（Th））、单核细胞浸润性细胞（MICs）、髓源性抑制细胞（MDSCs） )、肥大细胞 (MCs) 和自然杀伤细胞 (NKs) 在免疫平衡中发挥重要作用，在促肿瘤和抗肿瘤反应之间波动 TME。在这篇评论文章中，我们总结了这些免疫参与者以及 CAF 分泌的物质在驱动 BC 进展方面的影响。我们解释了 CAF 和肿瘤浸润免疫细胞在 BC 中抑制抗肿瘤反应的串扰，提出这些细胞实体作为预后不良的预测标志物。CAF-肿瘤浸润免疫细胞相互作用被建议作为调节 BC 免疫抑制微环境的替代治疗策略。