The increasing complexity of critical infrastructure subjects it to problems that are even more wicked, unexpected, and unthinkable than the ones faced before. Hence, the lessons that are drawn from the previous experiences and absorbed into preparedness schemes and planning may well become part of the problem rather than core elements in their effective resolution. This article scrutinizes the potential for the emergence of such a mismatch in the case of a severe disruption to critical infrastructure. As a remedy, we suggest a more encompassing approach to learning, and essentially, a new mindset for training preparedness that would better equip emergency response actors when they come face-to-face with the unthinkable. Based on research, it is advisable to be cautious of relying too much on what is known with certainty. In addition, this study raises doubts as to whether training inevitably improves the ability to act in exceptional situations.

关键基础设施日益复杂，使其面临比以前所面临的问题更加邪恶、意想不到和难以想象的问题。因此，从以前的经验中吸取的教训并吸收到备灾计划和规划中，很可能成为问题的一部分，而不是有效解决问题的核心要素。本文仔细研究了在关键基础设施严重中断的情况下出现这种不匹配的可能性。作为补救措施，我们建议采用更全面的学习方法，本质上是一种培训准备的新思维方式，以便在应急响应人员面对不可想象的情况时更好地装备他们。根据研究，建议谨慎行事，不要过分依赖确定的已知内容。此外，