The unambiguous application of fungal names is important to communicate scientific findings. Names are critical for (clinical) diagnostics, legal compliance, and regulatory controls, such as biosafety, food security, quarantine regulations, and industrial applications. Consequently, the stability of the taxonomic system and the traceability of nomenclatural changes is crucial for a broad range of users and taxonomists. The unambiguous application of names is assured by the preservation of nomenclatural history and the physical organisms representing a name. Fungi are extremely diverse in terms of ecology, lifestyle, and methods of study. Predominantly unicellular fungi known as yeasts are usually investigated as living cultures. Methods to characterize yeasts include physiological (growth) tests and experiments to induce a sexual morph; both methods require viable cultures. Thus, the preservation and availability of viable reference cultures are important, and cultures representing reference material are cited in species descriptions. Historical surveys revealed drawbacks and inconsistencies between past practices and modern requirements as stated in the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICNafp). Improper typification of yeasts is a common problem, resulting in a large number invalid yeast species names. With this opinion letter, we address the problem that culturable microorganisms, notably some fungi and algae, require specific provisions under the ICNafp. We use yeasts as a prominent example of fungi known from cultures. But viable type material is important not only for yeasts, but also for other cultivable Fungi that are characterized by particular morphological structures (a specific type of spores), growth properties, and secondary metabolites. We summarize potential proposals which, in our opinion, will improve the stability of fungal names, in particular by protecting those names for which the reference material can be traced back to the original isolate.

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关于培养酵母和其他真菌的命名问题：为什么避免不必要的名称更改很重要

真菌名称的明确应用对于交流科学发现很重要。名称对于（临床）诊断、法律合规性和监管控制至关重要，例如生物安全、食品安全、检疫法规和工业应用。因此，分类系统的稳定性和命名变化的可追溯性对于广泛的用户和分类学家来说至关重要。名称的明确应用是通过保存命名历史和代表名称的物理有机体来保证的。真菌在生态、生活方式和研究方法方面极其多样化。主要是被称为酵母的单细胞真菌通常作为活培养物进行研究。表征酵母的方法包括生理（生长）测试和诱导有性变体的实验；这两种方法都需要可行的培养物。因此，可行参考培养物的保存和可用性很重要，并且在物种描述中引用了代表参考材料的培养物。历史调查揭示了过去的做法与《国际藻类、真菌和植物命名法典》(ICNafp) 中所述的现代要求之间存在缺陷和不一致。酵母的不正确分类是一个常见问题，导致大量无效的酵母物种名称。通过这封意见书，我们解决了可培养微生物（尤其是一些真菌和藻类）需要根据 ICNafp 做出具体规定的问题。我们使用酵母作为从培养物中已知的真菌的一个突出例子。但是活菌类型的材料不仅对酵母很重要，但也适用于以特定形态结构（特定类型的孢子）、生长特性和次生代谢物为特征的其他可培养真菌。我们总结了在我们看来将提高真菌名称稳定性的潜在建议，特别是通过保护那些参考材料可以追溯到原始分离株的名称。