This paper set out to reassess the effects of economic and social determinants of the probability of formal vocational training in India. Applying the four-level cross-classified logistic model to the 2011–2012 National Sample Survey data, the paper identified the association between formal training and ‘good jobs’ in large urban electrified firms that offer permanent employment and regular monthly salary to their skilled occupation workers. Nevertheless, India remains a country of severe training poverty. This study confirms that the traditional mindset of the society does contribute to the training poverty; however, this impact is much limited to the household level and religious groups, such as Christians, which are systematically excluded from formal training as compared to Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists. In contrast, the lower castes and deprived social backgrounds do not affect, as predicted by previous studies. Moreover, it is shown that unskilled males from the rural area of India were less likely to receive formal training as compared to educated single women.

中文翻译：

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在印度培训贫困：重新评估社会归属的影响

本文旨在重新评估对印度正规职业培训可能性的经济和社会决定因素的影响。将四级交叉分类逻辑模型应用于 2011-2012 年全国抽样调查数据，该论文确定了大型城市电气化公司的正规培训与“好工作”之间的关联，这些公司为其技术职业提供长期就业和固定月薪工人。尽管如此，印度仍然是一个严重缺乏培训的国家。这项研究证实，社会的传统思维方式确实导致了培训贫困；然而，这种影响仅限于家庭层面和宗教团体，例如基督徒，与印度教徒、锡克教徒和佛教徒相比，他们被系统地排除在正规培训之外。相比之下，正如之前的研究预测的那样，低种姓和贫困的社会背景不会产生影响。此外，与受过教育的单身女性相比，来自印度农村地区的非熟练男性接受正规培训的可能性较小。