Representative bureaucracy has been investigated empirically and debated normatively, but there exists little evidence about how the general public views representative bureaucracy—especially the legitimacy of active representation. Using a survey experiment, this article explores people's fairness judgments of active representation in two important social and policy contexts: education and gender, and policing and race. Results from an online sample of U.S. adults show that, in the case of education, a female teacher helping a female student was judged to be unfair, with the negative effect mainly coming from the male respondents in the study. In the case of policing, a white officer acting favorably toward a white citizen was judged to be unfair, with the negative effect driven largely by black and Hispanic respondents in the study. Implications for representative bureaucracy theory and research, as well as policy and practice, are discussed.

中文翻译：

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主动代表的感知公平性：来自调查实验的证据

代议制官僚制已经进行了实证研究和规范性辩论，但几乎没有证据表明公众如何看待代议制官僚制——尤其是积极代表的合法性。本文通过一项调查实验，探讨了人们在两个重要的社会和政策背景下对积极代表的公平判断：教育和性别，以及警务和种族。美国成年人在线样本的结果显示，在教育方面，女教师帮助女学生被认为是不公平的，负面影响主要来自研究中的男性受访者。在警务方面，一名白人警察对白人公民有利的行为被认为是不公平的，负面影响主要由研究中的黑人和西班牙裔受访者推动。