There is a growing demand for refrigeration techniques to reach temperatures below 1 K because these temperatures are critical for a wide range of rapidly developing applications, mainly in the fields of quantum information science, electromagnetic radiation detection, dark matter search and condensed matter physics. A number of methods exist for realizing these temperatures, including ³He-based cooling (³He evaporation, dilution refrigeration and Pomeranchuk cooling), solid-state cooling (electron demagnetization, nuclear demagnetization and tunnel junction cooling), laser cooling and evaporative cooling among others. Here, this study presents basic principles of these methods and summarizes the corresponding advances in operating temperature ranges and cooling capacities, with the goal of identifying each method’s pros and cons. It is concluded with discussions of the challenges with these methods and key points for improving their performance.

对制冷技术达到低于 1 K 温度的需求不断增长，因为这些温度对于广泛快速发展的应用至关重要，主要是在量子信息科学、电磁辐射检测、暗物质搜索和凝聚态物理领域。存在多种实现这些温度的方法，包括基于³ He 的冷却 ( ³He 蒸发、稀释制冷和 Pomeranchuk 冷却）、固态冷却（电子退磁、核退磁和隧道结冷却）、激光冷却和蒸发冷却等。在这里，本研究介绍了这些方法的基本原理，并总结了工作温度范围和冷却能力方面的相应进步，目的是确定每种方法的优缺点。最后讨论了这些方法面临的挑战以及提高其性能的关键点。