Drilling of a 21.8-m-deep borehole on top of the 10.5-m-high Nori pingo that stands at 32 m asl in Grøndalen Valley (Spitsbergen) revealed a 16.1-m-thick massive ice enclosed by frozen sediments. The hydrochemical compositions of both the massive ice and the sediment extract show a prevalence of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions throughout the core. The upper part of the massive ice (stage A) has low mineralization and shows an isotopically closed-system trend in δ¹⁸O and δD isotopes decreasing down-core. Stage B exhibits high mineralization and an isotopically semi-open system. The crystallographic structure of Nori pingo’s massive ice provides evidence of several large groundwater intrusions that support the defined formation stages. Analysis of local aquifers leads to suggest that the pingo was hydraulically sourced through a local fault zone by low mineralized sodium–bicarbonate groundwater of a Paleogene strata aquifer. This groundwater was enriched by sodium and chloride ions while filtering through marine valley sediments with residual salinity. The comparison between the sodium–chloride-dominated massive ice of the Nori pingo and the sodium–bicarbonate-dominated ice of the adjacent Fili pingo that stands higher up the valley may serve as an indicator for groundwater source patterns of other Nordenskiöld Land pingos.

中文翻译：

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Pingo 钻探揭示了斯匹次卑尔根岛格伦达伦以氯化钠为主的大块冰

在位于 Grøndalen 山谷（斯匹次卑尔根）海拔 32 米处的 10.5 米高的 Nori pingo 顶部钻了一个 21.8 米深的钻孔，发现有一个 16.1 米厚的大块冰被冻结的沉积物包围。块状冰和沉积物提取物的水化学成分显示整个岩心普遍存在 Na ⁺和 Cl ^-离子。大量的冰（阶段A）的上部具有低矿化和示出δ同位素封闭系统趋向¹⁸O 和 δD 同位素在核下减少。B 阶段表现出高矿化和同位素半开放系统。Nori pingo 巨大冰的晶体结构提供了支持定义的形成阶段的几个大型地下水入侵的证据。对当地含水层的分析表明，pingo 是由古近系地层含水层的低矿化碳酸氢钠地下水通过当地断层带水力产生的。这种地下水富含钠离子和氯离子，同时通过具有残余盐度的海洋山谷沉积物过滤。