While material conditions of migrant populations on average tend to improve over time as they become established in new destinations, individual trajectories of material and subjective well-being often diverge. Here, we analyse how social and environmental factors in the urban environment shape the subjective well-being of migrant populations. We hypothesise these factors to include (a) perceived social and environmental risk, (b) attachment to place, and (c) migrant aspirations. We analyse data from a cross-sectional survey of 2641 individual migrants in seven cities across Ghana, India, and Bangladesh. The results show that the persistence of inferior material conditions, exposure to environmental hazards, and constrained access to services and employment affect migrants' subjective well-being. Hence, social and environmental risks constitute urban precarity for migrants whose social vulnerability persist in their destination. Meeting migration-related aspirations and developing an affinity to urban destinations have the potential to mitigate negative sentiments from perceived risks. These findings have implications for future urban planning and sustainability.

中文翻译：

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城市可持续性和移民的主观幸福感：风险、地方依恋和愿望的作用

虽然移民人口的平均物质条件随着时间的推移在新的目的地定居时趋于改善，但物质和主观幸福感的个人轨迹往往不同。在这里，我们分析了城市环境中的社会和环境因素如何影响流动人口的主观幸福感。我们假设这些因素包括（a）感知的社会和环境风险，（b）对地方的依恋，以及（c）移民愿望。我们分析了来自加纳、印度和孟加拉国七个城市的 2641 名个人移民的横断面调查数据。结果表明，劣质物质条件的持续存在、暴露于环境危害以及获得服务和就业的机会受到限制会影响移民的主观幸福感。因此，社会和环境风险构成了在目的地持续存在社会脆弱性的移民的城市不稳定因素。满足与移民相关的愿望并发展对城市目的地的亲和力有可能减轻感知风险带来的负面情绪。这些发现对未来的城市规划和可持续性有影响。