The implications of red-tape barriers (RTBs) under lobbying pressures differ markedly from those of traditional trade barriers. RTBs affect the extensive margin of trade and may respond in opposite ways to reductions in tariffs versus reductions in natural trade costs: The former induce a protectionist backlash that may reduce trade both at the intensive and extensive margin, whereas the latter may induce a reduction in RTBs magnifying the direct trade-increasing effects. Furthermore, if tariff commitments are optimized, the availability of RTBs limits the extent of tariff liberalization, and political uncertainty tends to increase the prevalence of RTBs.

中文翻译：

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被繁文缛节扼杀？浪费贸易壁垒的政治经济

游说压力下的繁文缛节壁垒 (RTB) 的影响与传统贸易壁垒的影响明显不同。RTB 会影响广泛的贸易边际，并且可能以相反的方式对关税的降低和自然贸易成本的降低做出反应：前者会引发保护主义反弹，这可能会减少集约和粗放边际的贸易，而后者可能会导致贸易额下降。 RTB 放大了直接的贸易增长效应。此外，如果关税承诺得到优化，RTB 的可用性会限制关税自由化的程度，而政治不确定性往往会增加 RTB 的普及率。