Macrophages are dominant innate immune cells. They demonstrate remarkable heterogeneity and plasticity that are essential for homeostasis and host defense. The heterogeneity of tissue macrophages is shaped by the ontogeny, tissue factors, and environmental signals, a pattern in a tissue-associated latitudinal manner. At the same time, macrophages have long been considered as mainly plastic cells. These cells respond to stimulation quickly and in a stimulus-specific way by utilizing a longitudinal cascaded activation, including coordination of signal transducer, epigenetic elements, and transcription factors, conclusively determine the macrophage phenotypes and functions. With the development of cutting-edge technologies, such as fate-mapping, single-cell transcriptomics, ipsc platform, nanotherapeutic materials, etc., our understanding of macrophage biology and the roles in the pathogenesis of diseases is much advanced. This review summarizes recent progress on the latitudinal and longitudinal regulation of tissue macrophages in inflammatory diseases. The latitudinal regulation covers the tissue macrophage origins, tissue factors, and environmental signals, reflecting the macrophage heterogeneity. The longitudinal regulation focuses on how multiple factors shape the phenotypes and functions of macrophage subsets to gain plasticity in inflammatory diseases (i.e., inflammatory bowel disease). In addition, how to target macrophages as a potential therapeutic approach and cutting edge-technologies for tissue macrophage study are also discussed in this review.

巨噬细胞是主要的先天免疫细胞。它们表现出显着的异质性和可塑性，这对于体内平衡和宿主防御至关重要。组织巨噬细胞的异质性由个体发育、组织因素和环境信号形成，这是一种与组织相关的纬度模式。同时，巨噬细胞长期以来一直被认为主要是可塑性细胞。这些细胞通过利用纵向级联激活（包括信号转导、表观遗传元件和转录因子的协调）以刺激特异性的方式快速响应刺激，最终确定巨噬细胞表型和功能。随着命运图谱、单细胞转录组学、ipsc平台、纳米治疗材料等前沿技术的发展，我们对巨噬细胞生物学及其在疾病发病机制中的作用的理解已经非常先进。本综述总结了炎症性疾病中组织巨噬细胞的经纬度和纵向调控的最新进展。纬度调控涵盖了组织巨噬细胞的起源、组织因子和环境信号，反映了巨噬细胞的异质性。纵向调控侧重于多种因素如何塑造巨噬细胞亚群的表型和功能，从而在炎症性疾病（即炎症性肠病）中获得可塑性。此外，本综述还讨论了如何将巨噬细胞作为一种潜在的治疗方法以及组织巨噬细胞研究的前沿技术。本综述总结了炎症性疾病中组织巨噬细胞的经纬度和纵向调控的最新进展。纬度调控涵盖了组织巨噬细胞的起源、组织因子和环境信号，反映了巨噬细胞的异质性。纵向调控侧重于多种因素如何塑造巨噬细胞亚群的表型和功能，从而在炎症性疾病（即炎症性肠病）中获得可塑性。此外，本综述还讨论了如何将巨噬细胞作为一种潜在的治疗方法以及组织巨噬细胞研究的前沿技术。本综述总结了炎症性疾病中组织巨噬细胞的经纬度和纵向调控的最新进展。纬度调控涵盖了组织巨噬细胞的起源、组织因子和环境信号，反映了巨噬细胞的异质性。纵向调控侧重于多种因素如何塑造巨噬细胞亚群的表型和功能，从而在炎症性疾病（即炎症性肠病）中获得可塑性。此外，本综述还讨论了如何将巨噬细胞作为一种潜在的治疗方法以及组织巨噬细胞研究的前沿技术。反映巨噬细胞的异质性。纵向调控侧重于多种因素如何塑造巨噬细胞亚群的表型和功能，从而在炎症性疾病（即炎症性肠病）中获得可塑性。此外，本综述还讨论了如何将巨噬细胞作为一种潜在的治疗方法以及组织巨噬细胞研究的前沿技术。反映巨噬细胞的异质性。纵向调控侧重于多种因素如何塑造巨噬细胞亚群的表型和功能，从而在炎症性疾病（即炎症性肠病）中获得可塑性。此外，本综述还讨论了如何将巨噬细胞作为一种潜在的治疗方法以及组织巨噬细胞研究的前沿技术。