Abstract

Vaccines for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started to be developed since the initiation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Up to now, four vaccines have been authorized by international agencies such as European Medicines Agency (EMA). Two are DNA vaccines (ChAdOx1 nCov-19 and Ad26.COV2.S) and two mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273). The administration of the vaccines has been associated with a strong decrease in the infections by SARS-CoV-2 and deaths associated with it. However, in parallel to these results, some rare adverse events have also been described. In that sense, events of thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and hemorrhage have been described in close temporal proximity to the administration of the DNA vaccines ChAdOx1 nCov-19 and Ad26.COV2.S, but also mRNA vaccines. Recent scientific reports have been released with updated information on the possible association of thrombotic thrombocytopenia and COVID-19 vaccines. On the other hand, since the initiation of the vaccination campaigns, adverse hypersensitivity reactions have been described after mRNA and DNA vaccines administration for COVID-19. Although globally these adverse events are rare, a high proportion of the world population will be exposed to these vaccines. For that reason, their safety and tolerance should be carefully considered. In this review, we provide an updated review of the last scientific findings that can explain the rare side effects that the vaccines for COVID-19 can produce.

摘要

自 COVID-19 大流行开始以来，就开始开发预防 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 的疫苗。截至目前，已有4种疫苗获得欧洲药品管理局（EMA）等国际机构的授权。两种是 DNA 疫苗（ChAdOx1 nCov-19 和 Ad26.COV2.S）和两种 mRNA 疫苗（BNT162b2 和 mRNA-1273）。接种疫苗与 SARS-CoV-2 感染和相关死亡人数大幅减少有关。然而，与这些结果并行的是，一些罕见的不良事件也被描述。从这个意义上说，血栓形成、血小板减少和出血事件的描述与注射 DNA 疫苗 ChAdOx1 nCov-19 和 Ad26.COV2.S 以及 mRNA 疫苗的时间非常接近。最近发布的科学报告包含有关血栓性血小板减少症和 COVID-19 疫苗可能存在关联的最新信息。另一方面，自疫苗接种运动启动以来，在注射 COVID-19 mRNA 和 DNA 疫苗后已有不良超敏反应的报道。尽管在全球范围内这些不良事件很少见，但世界上很大一部分人口将接触这些疫苗。因此，应仔细考虑它们的安全性和耐受性。在这篇综述中，我们对最新的科学发现进行了更新综述，这些发现可以解释 COVID-19 疫苗可能产生的罕见副作用。