This article discusses the problem of non-zero probabilities for non-tautologous universal generalizations in Rudolf Carnap’s inductive logic (1950, 1952) when the domain of discourse is infinite. A solution is provided for a generalization of the form “all Xs are Ys”, for example “all ravens all black”. The solution is based on assuming that a significant part of the domain consists of non-Xs. This assumption can often be justified as a kind of ceteris paribus principle.

中文翻译：

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毕竟，所有的乌鸦都可以是黑色的

本文讨论了 Rudolf Carnap 的归纳逻辑 (1950, 1952) 在话语域是无限的情况下，非重言式普遍概括的非零概率问题。为“所有 X 都是 Y”形式的概括提供了一种解决方案，例如“所有乌鸦都是黑色”。该解决方案基于假设域的重要部分由非 X 组成。这种假设通常可以被证明是一种其他条件不变的原则。