Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species are essential for sustainable agriculture of legume crops; however, the AMF response in legume crops, especially from the perspective of physiological and molecular mechanisms under salinity conditions, is largely unknown. In this study, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds were inoculated with AMF to investigate its salinity stress alleviation effects using the pot-grown and 2-year field experiments. Seeds from two peanut cultivars (HY22 and HY25) were inoculated with AMF Rhizophagus irregularis SA and Funneliformis mosseae BEG95 (1:1), and the physiological and transcriptional responses were compared between the AMF-inoculated and non-inoculated peanut plants. Under the salinity stress, compared with the control samples, the AMF-inoculated plants showed higher net photosynthetic rate, leaf relative water content (RWC), plant height, osmolyte accumulation, but lower leaf relative electrolyte conductivity (REC). Also, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was reduced while the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were activated. Furthermore, transcriptome data revealed that AMF potentially alleviates salt stress by regulating redox processes, cell wall assembly, cell growth, and other similar processes. In the 2-year field experiment, AMF-inoculated peanut seeds of HY22 and HY25 were cultivated in both non-saline and saline soils. Under salinity conditions, AMF inoculation induced the total protein concentration by 11.11 and 2.32% in kernels and further increased the peanut pod yield by 21.83 and 21.89% in HY22 and HY25, respectively. In non-saline soil too, AMF increased the peanut pod yield by 11.47 and 23.98% in HY22 and HY25, respectively. Taken together, these results strongly demonstrate that the combination of AMF Rhizophagus irregularis SA and Funneliformis mosseae BEG95 (1:1) can alleviate salinity stress in peanuts by improving plant growth, photosystem, and antioxidant system. Additionally, it increases the peanut pod yield under both normal and salinity conditions.

中文翻译：

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丛枝菌根真菌减轻花生盐分胁迫：来自盆栽和田间试验的证据

丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF) 物种对于豆科作物的可持续农业至关重要；然而，豆科作物中的 AMF 反应，特别是从盐度条件下的生理和分子机制的角度来看，在很大程度上是未知的。本研究采用 AMF 接种花生 ( Arachis hypogaea L.) 种子，通过盆栽和为期 2 年的田间试验研究其缓解盐分胁迫的效果。用 AMF不规则根霉 SA和Funneliformis mosseae BEG95接种来自两个花生品种（HY22 和 HY25）的种子(1:1), 并比较了 AMF 接种和未接种花生植物的生理和转录反应。在盐分胁迫下，与对照样品相比，接种AMF的植物表现出更高的净光合速率、叶片相对含水量（RWC）、株高、渗透质积累，但叶片相对电解质电导率（REC）较低。此外，丙二醛 (MDA) 浓度降低，而抗氧化酶如超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶 (G-POD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 (APX) 被激活。此外，转录组数据显示，AMF 可能通过调节氧化还原过程、细胞壁组装、细胞生长和其他类似过程来缓解盐胁迫。在为期 2 年的田间试验中，接种 AMF 的 HY22 和 HY25 花生种子在无盐和盐渍土壤中进行种植。在盐度条件下，接种AMF使HY22和HY25的籽粒总蛋白浓度分别提高了11.11%和2.32%，进一步提高了花生荚产量21.83%和21.89%。在非盐碱土中，AMF 使 HY22 和 HY25 花生荚产量分别提高了 11.47% 和 23.98%。总之，这些结果有力地证明了 AMF 的组合 分别。总之，这些结果有力地证明了 AMF 的组合 分别。总之，这些结果有力地证明了 AMF 的组合不规则根霉 SA和Funneliformis mosseae BEG95 (1:1) 可以通过改善植物生长、光系统和抗氧化系统来缓解花生的盐分胁迫。此外，它在正常和盐度条件下都增加了花生荚产量。