Objective

Skeletal collections of immature individuals identified by age and sex serve as reference material for studying development in past populations. Several of these collections were established during the Industrial Revolution (IR), a period known for its difficult living conditions in industrial cities. We question if these collections represent useful comparisons from which to explore the natural history of human growth.

Materials

Immature individuals from two skeletal collections contemporaneous to the IR period were studied: 71 children from the Spitalfields (UK) and 108 from the Strasbourg (F) collections. Among them we selected mandibles of individuals aged from 0 to 30 months, representing 32 and 52 individuals, respectively.

Methods

We scored the dental development of first and second left deciduous molars according to (Moorrees et al., 1963) stages, from X-rays (Spitalfields) or CT-scans (Strasbourg) data and compared it with the modern reference pattern from the Lewis Growth Records by covariance analysis (ANCOVA).

Results

Statistical differences exist in the dental development timeline between the 3 samples. This mainly concerns a delay in the root formation in IR samples that related to post-natal living conditions.

Conclusions

The delay in dental development timeline suggests that growth processes were impacted during IR in England and France, probably due to stressful living conditions.

Significance

keletal collections dating from the IR period in Europe might be not the most appropriate referencesl for studying the natural history of human growth.

Limitations

This study focus on dental development only.

Suggestions for further research

Exploring the skeletal growth pattern in other skeletal collections, pre or post-dating the IR, is advised.

中文翻译：

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确定的工业革命时期未成熟骨骼收藏品是否是古生物研究的良好参考？来自英国和法国的案例研究

客观的

按年龄和性别确定的未成熟个体的骨骼集合可作为研究过去人群发育的参考材料。其中一些藏品是在工业革命 (IR) 期间建立的，这个时期以其工业城市的艰难生活条件而闻名。我们质疑这些收藏是否代表了有用的比较，可以从中探索人类成长的自然历史。

材料

研究了来自与 IR 时期同时期的两个骨骼收藏的未成熟个体：来自 Spitalfields（英国）的 71 名儿童和来自斯特拉斯堡（F）收藏的 108 名儿童。其中我们选择了 0 至 30 个月的个体的下颌骨，分别代表 32 和 52 个体。

方法

我们根据 (Moorrees et al., 1963) 阶段，从 X 射线 (Spitalfields) 或 CT 扫描 (Strasbourg) 数据对第一和第二乳磨牙的牙齿发育进行评分，并将其与来自 Lewis 的现代参考模式进行比较通过协方差分析（ANCOVA）的增长记录。

结果

3 个样本之间的牙齿发育时间线存在统计学差异。这主要涉及与出生后生活条件相关的 IR 样本中根形成的延迟。

结论

牙齿发育时间表的延迟表明，在英格兰和法国的 IR 期间，生长过程受到了影响，这可能是由于生活压力大。

意义

欧洲 IR 时期的骨骼收藏可能不是研究人类成长自然史的最合适的参考资料。

限制

本研究仅关注牙齿发育。

进一步研究的建议

建议在 IR 约会之前或之后探索其他骨骼收藏中的骨骼生长模式。