The human brain has the astonishing capacity of integrating streams of sensory information from the environment and forming predictions about future events in an automatic way. Despite being initially developed for visual processing, the bulk of predictive coding research has subsequently focused on auditory processing, with the famous mismatch negativity signal as possibly the most studied signature of surprise or a prediction error (PE) signal. Auditory PEs are present during various consciousness states. Intriguingly, their presence and characteristics have been linked with residual levels of consciousness and return of awareness. Here, in this review we first give an overview of the neural substrates of predictive processes in the auditory modality and on their relation to consciousness. Then, we focus on different states of consciousness - wakefulness, sleep, anaesthesia, coma, meditation and hypnosis - and on what mysteries predictive processing has been able to disclose about brain functioning in such states. We review studies investigating how the neural signatures of auditory predictions are modulated by states of reduced or lacking consciousness. As a future outlook, we propose the combination of electrophysiological and computational techniques that will allow investigation of which facets of sensory predictive processes are maintained when consciousness fades away.

中文翻译：

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自动感觉预测：回顾大脑中的预测机制及其与意识处理的联系

人类大脑具有惊人的能力，可以整合来自环境的感官信息流，并以自动方式对未来事件进行预测。尽管最初是为视觉处理而开发的，但大部分预测编码研究随后都集中在听觉处理上，著名的失配负信号可能是研究最多的意外或预测错误 (PE) 信号的特征。在各种意识状态下都存在听觉 PE。有趣的是，它们的存在和特征与意识的残留水平和意识的恢复有关。在这里，在这篇综述中，我们首先概述了听觉模式中预测过程的神经基础及其与意识的关系。然后，我们关注不同的意识状态——清醒、睡眠、麻醉、昏迷、冥想和催眠——以及预测处理能够揭示这些状态下大脑功能的奥秘。我们回顾了调查听觉预测的神经特征如何受意识减弱或缺乏意识状态调节的研究。作为未来的展望，我们建议将电生理学和计算技术相结合，以研究当意识消失时，感官预测过程的哪些方面得以维持。我们回顾了调查听觉预测的神经特征如何受意识减弱或缺乏意识状态调节的研究。作为未来的展望，我们建议将电生理学和计算技术相结合，以研究当意识消失时，感官预测过程的哪些方面得以维持。我们回顾了调查听觉预测的神经特征如何受意识减弱或缺乏意识状态调节的研究。作为未来的展望，我们建议将电生理学和计算技术相结合，以研究当意识消失时，感官预测过程的哪些方面得以维持。