Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia, is a global epidemic. AF can cause heart failure and myocardial infarction and increase the risk of stroke, disability, and thromboembolic events. AF is becoming increasingly ubiquitous and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality at higher ages, resulting in an increasing threat to human health as well as substantial medical and social costs. Currently, treatment strategies for AF focus on controlling heart rate and rhythm with medications to restore and maintain sinus rhythm, but this approach has limitations. Catheter ablation is not entirely satisfactory and does not address the issues underlying AF. Research exploring the mechanisms causing AF is urgently needed for improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of AF. Exosomes are small vesicles (30–150 nm) released by cells that transmit information between cells. MicroRNAs in exosomes play an important role in the pathogenesis of AF and are established as a biomarker for AF. In this review, a summary of the role of exosomes in AF is presented. The role of exosomes and microRNAs in AF occurrence, their therapeutic potential, and their potential role as clinical biomarkers is considered. A better understanding of exosomes has the potential to improve the prognosis of AF patients worldwide, reducing the global medical burden of this disease.

心房颤动 (AF) 是最常见的心律失常，是一种全球流行病。房颤可导致心力衰竭和心肌梗塞，并增加中风、残疾和血栓栓塞事件的风险。房颤正变得越来越普遍，并且与较高年龄的发病率和死亡率增加有关，从而对人类健康造成越来越大的威胁以及巨大的医疗和社会成本。目前，房颤的治疗策略侧重于通过药物控制心率和节律以恢复和维持窦性心律，但这种方法存在局限性。导管消融并不完全令人满意，也不能解决 AF 潜在的问题。迫切需要研究探索导致 AF 的机制，以改善 AF 的预防、诊断和治疗。外泌体是细胞释放的小囊泡（30-150 nm），在细胞之间传递信息。外泌体中的 microRNA 在 AF 的发病机制中起重要作用，并被确立为 AF 的生物标志物。在这篇综述中，总结了外泌体在 AF 中的作用。考虑了外泌体和 microRNA 在 AF 发生中的作用、它们的治疗潜力以及它们作为临床生物标志物的潜在作用。更好地了解外泌体有可能改善全球 AF 患者的预后，减轻这种疾病的全球医疗负担。考虑了外泌体和 microRNA 在 AF 发生中的作用、它们的治疗潜力以及它们作为临床生物标志物的潜在作用。更好地了解外泌体有可能改善全球 AF 患者的预后，减轻这种疾病的全球医疗负担。考虑了外泌体和 microRNA 在 AF 发生中的作用、它们的治疗潜力以及它们作为临床生物标志物的潜在作用。更好地了解外泌体有可能改善全球 AF 患者的预后，减轻这种疾病的全球医疗负担。