Clays are widely used in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering applications and it is crucial to understand its behaviour for the dynamic field conditions. The presence of a temperature gradient across clayey soils that exhibit semi-permeable membrane (or osmotic) behaviour may promote a number of complex processes, including thermal expansion or consolidation, thermally induced osmosis, thermal diffusion, along with other flow and deformation processes. Chemical-osmosis and chemico-osmotic consolidation that are significant in isothermal conditions are also affected by temperature. Publications on chemical-osmosis, and to some extent thermo-osmosis behaviour of semi-permeable clays under coupled conditions are widely available. However, studies that include the influence of both thermo-osmosis and chemical-osmosis together are rare. In this paper, a fully coupled numerical model is presented to study the effects of both osmotic processes on thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical behaviour of semi-permeable clays. Solute spread in a landfill clay liner is investigated under the combined influence of mechanical, thermal, and chemical loading. Model results show that the clay deformation is sensitive to thermo-osmosis; and the effects of thermo-osmotic consolidation, excess pore water dissipation, and the overall settlement increases with temperature. Variation of the source temperature from 40 °C to 80 °C yielded an increase of 11.3% of the peak soil settlement. Significant contribution of thermo-osmosis on solute transport is noticed in this study and ignoring the process substantially deviate from the realism. Up to 80% overprediction of cadmium spread is observed in the clay liner when the thermo-osmotic processes are neglected.

粘土广泛用于岩土工程和地球环境工程应用，了解其在动态现场条件下的行为至关重要。表现出半透膜（或渗透）行为的黏性土壤中温度梯度的存在可能会促进许多复杂过程，包括热膨胀或固结、热诱导渗透、热扩散以及其他流动和变形过程。在等温条件下显着的化学渗透和化学渗透固结也受温度影响。关于化学渗透的出版物，在某种程度上，耦合条件下半渗透粘土的热渗透行为是广泛可用的。然而，同时包括热渗透和化学渗透影响的研究很少见。在本文中，提出了一个完全耦合的数值模型来研究两种渗透过程对半渗透粘土的热-水-机械-化学行为的影响。在机械、热和化学载荷的综合影响下，研究了垃圾填埋场粘土衬垫中的溶质扩散。模型结果表明粘土变形对热渗透敏感；以及热渗透固结、超孔隙水消散和整体沉降的影响随温度增加。源温度从 40 °C 到 80 °C 的变化导致峰值土壤沉降增加了 11.3%。在这项研究中注意到热渗透对溶质运输的显着贡献，而忽略该过程实质上偏离了现实。