Acinetobacter baumannii ability to develop and acquire resistance makes it one of the most critical nosocomial pathogens globally. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was applied to identify the acquired or mutational variants of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in 85 German A. baumannii strains utilizing Illumina technology. Additionally, the whole genome of 104 German isolates deposited in the NCBI database was investigated. In-silico analysis of WGS data revealed wide varieties of acquired AMR genes mediating resistance mostly to aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, carbapenems, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides. In the 189 analyzed genomes, the ant (3″)-IIa conferring resistance to aminoglycosides was the most frequent (55%), followed by blaADC.25 (38.6%) conferring resistance to cephalosporin, blaOXA-23 (29%) and the blaOXA-66 variant of the intrinsic blaOXA-51-likes (26.5%) conferring resistance to carbapenems, the sul2 (26%) conferring resistance to sulfonamides, the tet. B (19.5%) conferring resistance to tetracycline, and mph. E and msr. E (19%) conferring resistance to macrolides. blaTEM variants conferring resistance to cephalosporins were found in 12% of genomes. Thirteen variants of the intrinsic blaOXA-51 carbapenemase gene, blaOXA-510 and blaADC-25 genes were found in isolates obtained from dried milk samples. The presence of strains harboring acquired AMR genes in dried milk raises safety concerns and highlights the need for changes in producing dried milk. Acquired resistance genes and chromosomal gene mutation are successful routes for disseminating AMR determinants among A. baumannii. Identification of chromosomal and plasmid-encoded AMR in the genome of A. baumannii may help understand the mechanism behind the genetic mobilization and spread of AMR genes.

中文翻译：

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从德国角度对人类和非人类鲍曼不动杆菌分离株获得性耐药性的 WGS 分析

鲍曼不动杆菌产生和获得耐药性的能力使其成为全球最重要的医院病原体之一。全基因组测序 (WGS) 用于利用 Illumina 技术在 85 种德国鲍曼不动杆菌菌株中鉴定抗菌素耐药性 (AMR) 基因的获得性或突变变体。此外，研究了保存在 NCBI 数据库中的 104 个德国分离株的全基因组。WGS 数据的计算机分析揭示了多种获得性 AMR 基因，主要介导对氨基糖苷类、头孢菌素、碳青霉烯类、磺胺类、四环素类和大环内酯类的耐药性。在 189 个分析的基因组中，赋予氨基糖苷类抗性的蚂蚁 (3″)-IIa 是最常见的 (55%)，其次是 blaADC。25 (38.6%) 赋予对头孢菌素的抗性，blaOXA-23 (29%) 和内在 blaOXA-51 样的 blaOXA-66 变体 (26.5%) 赋予对碳青霉烯类药物的抗性，sul2 (26%) 赋予对磺胺类药物的抗性，tet。B (19.5%) 赋予对四环素和 mph 的抗性。E 和女士。E (19%) 赋予对大环内酯类的抗性。在 12% 的基因组中发现了赋予头孢菌素抗性的 blaTEM 变体。在从奶粉样品获得的分离物中发现了 blaOXA-51 碳青霉烯酶基因、blaOXA-510 和 blaADC-25 基因的 13 种变异。奶粉中含有获得性 AMR 基因的菌株引起了安全问题，并强调了改变奶粉生产的必要性。获得性抗性基因和染色体基因突变是在鲍曼不动杆菌中传播 AMR 决定簇的成功途径。