Purpose of review

During the nineteenth and twentieth century, production and usage of plastic material have increased and led to a serious problem for their non-degradable property, persistence in the environment. Natural factors act on plastic material fragmented into microplastics. Entering of microplastics causes threats to all ecosystems and their organisms. In this urgent need, this review summarizes (1) sources and transport of microplastics into aquatic ecosystems, (2) ecological impacts of microplastics in aquatic biota and their environment, (3) bacterial remediation of environmental microplastics and (4) mechanism involved bacterial remediation.

Recent findings

The terrestrial biosphere serves as a major hub for microplastic wastes and it has been settled in the aquatic ecosystem through the improper disposal methods of human beings. The aquatic biota attains severe effects such as reduced food consumption, fecundity and triggered inflammation; moreover, microplastics ingestion leads to changes in physical, chemical, and gene levels of aquatic organisms. Hence, it is an urgent need to prevent further entry of microplastics (from origin) and eliminate the persisted microplastics in the environment. Recently, researchers are trying to use bacterial strains for microplastics degradation as an eco-friendly and more safe method because during degradation the daughter metabolites carbon dioxide, methane, and water will be produced.

Summary

Microplastics are a major concern pollutant in earth. Unfortunately, ingestion of microplastics in each trophic organisms via the food chain. In this situation, eradicating the environmental microplastics through an eco-friendly approach using bacteria is a effective remediation technique. Furthermore, research needed using different formulations including bacteria and their based components, consortium of bacteria have enhanced the efficacy of degradation.

中文翻译：

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微塑料对水生影响及其生物修复方面的综述

审查目的

在十九世纪和二十世纪，塑料材料的生产和使用增加并导致其不可降解性和在环境中的持久性的严重问题。自然因素作用于破碎成微塑料的塑料材料。微塑料的进入会对所有生态系统及其生物体造成威胁。针对这一迫切需要，本综述总结了 (1) 微塑料的来源和进入水生生态系统的运输，(2) 微塑料对水生生物群及其环境的生态影响，(3) 环境微塑料的细菌修复和 (4) 涉及细菌修复的机制.

最近的发现

陆地生物圈是微塑料废物的主要聚集地，通过人类不当的处置方法，已在水生生态系统中沉淀。水生生物群会产生严重的影响，例如减少食物消耗、繁殖力和引发炎症；此外，摄入微塑料会导致水生生物的物理、化学和基因水平发生变化。因此，迫切需要防止微塑料（从原产地）进一步进入并消除环境中持久存在的微塑料。最近，研究人员正在尝试使用细菌菌株来降解微塑料，作为一种环保且更安全的方法，因为在降解过程中会产生子代代谢物二氧化碳、甲烷和水。

概括

微塑料是地球上主要的污染物。不幸的是，每个营养生物都通过食物链摄入微塑料。在这种情况下，通过使用细菌的环保方法根除环境微塑料是一种有效的修复技术。此外，研究需要使用不同的配方，包括细菌及其基础成分，细菌群落增强了降解的功效。