Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the third most common cardiovascular disease. Interleukins (ILs) and micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) have been proposed as molecules able to modulate endothelial inflammation and platelet hyperactivity. At present, no early biomarkers are available to predict the outcome of VTE. We investigated in a pilot study a selected number of miRNAs and ILs as prognostic VTE biomarkers and reviewed literature in this setting. Twenty-three patients (aged 18–65) with a new diagnosis of non-oncological VTE and free from chronic inflammatory diseases were enrolled. Twenty-three age- and sex-matched healthy blood donors were evaluated as control subjects. Serum miRNAs (MiRNA 126, 155, 17.92, 195), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-8), and lymphocyte subsets were evaluated in patients at enrolment (T0) and in controls. In VTE patients, clinical and instrumental follow-up were performed assessing residual vein obstruction, miRNA and ILs evaluation at 3 months' follow-up (T1). At T0, IL-8, activated T lymphocytes, Treg lymphocytes, and monocytes were higher in patients compared with healthy controls, as were miRNA 126 levels. Moreover, miRNA 126 and IL-6 were significantly increased at T0 compared with T1 evaluation in VTE patients. Higher levels of MiR126 at T0 correlated with a significant overall thrombotic residual at follow-up. In recent years an increasing number of studies (case–control studies, in vivo studies in animal models, in vitro studies) have suggested the potential role of miRNAs in modulating the cellular and biohumoral responses involved in VTE. In the frame of epidemiological evidence, this pilot study with a novel observational approach supports the notion that miRNA can be diagnostic biomarkers of VTE and first identifies miRNA 126 as a predictor of outcome, being associated with poor early recanalization.

静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）是第三常见的心血管疾病。白细胞介素 (IL) 和微核糖核酸 (miRNA) 已被提议作为能够调节内皮炎症和血小板过度活跃的分子。目前，尚无早期生物标志物可用于预测 VTE 的结果。我们在一项试点研究中调查了选定数量的 miRNA 和 ILs 作为预后 VTE 生物标志物，并在此环境中回顾了文献。招募了 23 名新诊断为非肿瘤性 VTE 且无慢性炎症性疾病的患者（年龄 18-65 岁）。23 名年龄和性别匹配的健康献血者被评估为对照对象。血清 miRNA（miRNA 126、155、17.92、195）、炎性细胞因子（IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α、IL-8）、在入组时（T0）和对照组的患者中评估和淋巴细胞亚群。在 VTE 患者中，在 3 个月的随访 (T1) 中进行了临床和仪器随访评估残余静脉阻塞、miRNA 和 ILs 评估。在 T0 时，患者的 IL-8、活化的 T 淋巴细胞、Treg 淋巴细胞和单核细胞高于健康对照组，miRNA 126 水平也是如此。此外，与 VTE 患者的 T1 评估相比，T0 时 miRNA 126 和 IL-6 显着增加。T0 时较高水平的 MiR126 与随访时显着的总体血栓残留相关。近年来，越来越多的研究（病例对照研究、动物模型体内研究、体外研究）表明 miRNA 在调节 VTE 所涉及的细胞和生物体液反应中的潜在作用。