Quantum contextuality (or non-locality called “spooky action at a distance” by Einstein) is witnessed by violations of Bell-type inequalities, which are purely statistical inequalities and can in principle be applied to any statistical correlations observed in empirical experiments. It has been reported recently that Bell-type inequalities are violated in cognitive experiments, which formally shows that contextuality does exist in cognition as well as physical reality. It is unclear, however, whether quantum and cognitive contextualities are essentially the same kind of phenomena, and the nature of cognitive contextuality has been debated whereas the nature of quantum contextuality has been explicated by foundational physicists and philosophers of physics. In the present paper, thus, we aim at elucidating similarities and dissimilarities between quantum and cognitive contextualities. We argue, in particular, that cognitive contextuality as shown by the violation of Bell-type inequalities never entails that the brain is indeterministic; rather, cognitive contextuality is caused by the statistical nature of collective state dynamics and the special structure of experimental set-ups, whereas quantum contextuality is caused by the statistical nature of single state dynamics and the existence of special states or operations.

量子上下文（或爱因斯坦称为“远处的幽灵行动”的非局部性）被违反贝尔型不等式所见证，贝尔型不等式是纯粹的统计不等式，原则上可以应用于经验实验中观察到的任何统计相关性。最近有报道称，认知实验违反了贝尔型不等式，这正式表明，认知和物理现实中确实存在语境。然而，尚不清楚量子和认知语境本质上是否是同一类现象，认知语境的本质一直存在争议，而量子语境的本质已被基础物理学家和物理学哲学家阐明。因此，在本论文中，我们旨在阐明量子和认知语境之间的异同。特别是，我们认为，违反贝尔型不等式所显示的认知语境绝不意味着大脑是不确定的。相反，认知语境是由集体状态动力学的统计性质和实验装置的特殊结构引起的，而量子语境是由单态动力学的统计性质和特殊状态或操作的存在引起的。