Nucleon form factors play an especially important role in studying the dynamics of nucleons and explicit structure of the wave functions at arbitrary nucleon velocity. The purpose of the paper is to explain theoretically all four nucleon form factors measured experimentally in the cross section measurements (by the Rosenbluth method), yielding almost equal normalized form factors \(G^p_E,G^p_M,G^n_M\)), as well as in the polarization transfer experiments, where a strongly decreasing proton electric form factor has been discovered. It is shown, using relativistic hyperspherical formalism, that the nucleon wave functions in the lowest (hypercentral) approximation provide almost equal normalized form factors as seen in the Rosenbluth cross sections, but in the higher components they contain a large admixture of the quark orbital momenta, which strongly decreases \(G^p_E\) and this effect is possibly detected in the polarization transfer method (not seen in the classical cross section experiments). Moreover, the same admixture of the higher components explains the small positive form factor \(G^n_E\), which is zero in the hypercentral approximation. The resulting form factors, \(G^p_M(Q),G^p_E(Q),G^n_M(Q)\) are calculated up to \(Q^2\approx 10\) \(\hbox {GeV}^2\), using the the Lorentz contracted nucleon wave functions and shown to be in reasonable agreement with experimental data.

核子形状因子在研究核子动力学和任意核子速度下波函数的显式结构中起着特别重要的作用。本文的目的是从理论上解释在横截面测量中通过实验测量的所有四个核子形状因子（通过 Rosenbluth 方法），产生几乎相等的归一化形状因子\(G^p_E,G^p_M,G^n_M\))，以及在极化转移实验中，已经发现质子电形状因子强烈下降。使用相对论超球面形式主义表明，最低（超中心）近似中的核子波函数提供几乎相同的归一化形状因子，如 Rosenbluth 横截面中所见，但在较高分量中，它们包含大量夸克轨道动量的混合物，它大大降低了\(G^p_E\)并且这种效应可能在极化转移方法中被检测到（在经典横截面实验中没有看到）。此外，较高分量的相同混合物解释了小的正形状因子\(G^n_E\)，它在超中心近似中为零。由此产生的形式因素，\(G^p_M(Q),G^p_E(Q),G^n_M(Q)\)计算到\(Q^2\approx 10\)  \(\hbox {GeV}^2\)，使用洛伦兹收缩核子波函数并显示与实验数据合理一致。