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Transitory and Vestigial Structures of the Developing Human Nervous System
Pediatric Neurology ( IF 3.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-10 , DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.07.003
Harvey B Sarnat 1
Affiliation  

As with many body organs, the human central nervous system contains many structures and cavities that may have had functions in embryonic and fetal life but are vestigial or atrophic at maturity. Examples are the septum pellucidum, remnants of the lamina terminalis, Cajal-Retzius neurons, induseum griseum, habenula, and accessory olfactory bulb. Other structures are transitory in fetal or early postnatal life, disappearing from the mature brain. Examples are the neural crest, subpial granular glial layer of Brun over cerebral cortex, radial glial cells and subplate zone of cerebral cortex. At times persistent fetal structures that do not regress may cause neurological problems or indicate a pathological condition, such as Blake pouch cyst. Transitory structures thus can become vestigial. Examples are an excessively wide cavum septi pellucidi, suprapineal recess of the 3rd ventricle, trigeminal artery of the posterior fossa circulation and hyaloid ocular artery. Arrested maturation might be considered another aspect of vestigial structure. An example is the persistent micro-columnar cortical architecture in focal cortical dysplasia type Ia, in cortical zones of chronic fetal ischaemia, and in some metabolic/genetic congenital encephalopathies. Some transitory structures in human brain are normal adult structures in lower vertebrates. Recognition of transitory and vestigial structures by fetal or postnatal neuroimaging and neuropathologically enables better understanding of cerebral ontogenesis and avoids misinterpretations.



中文翻译:

发育中的人类神经系统的过渡和残留结构

与许多身体器官一样,人类中枢神经系统包含许多结构和腔体,这些结构和腔体可能在胚胎和胎儿生命中具有功能,但在成熟时会退化或萎缩。例子是透明隔、终板的残余物、Cajal-Retzius 神经元、灰靛果、缰核和副嗅球。其他结构在胎儿或出生后早期是暂时的,从成熟的大脑中消失。例子是大脑皮层上布伦的神经嵴、软脑膜下颗粒状胶质层、放射状胶质细胞和大脑皮层的板下区。有时,不退化的持续胎儿结构可能会导致神经系统问题或表明存在病理状况,例如布莱克袋囊肿。因此,临时结构可能会退化。例如过宽的透明隔腔,第三脑室的枕上隐窝,后颅窝循环的三叉动脉和玻璃状眼动脉。受阻成熟可能被认为是退化结构的另一个方面。一个例子是 Ia 型局灶性皮质发育不良、慢性胎儿缺血的皮质区和一些代谢/遗传性先天性脑病中持续存在的微柱状皮质结构。人脑中的一些暂时结构是低等脊椎动物的正常成年结构。通过胎儿或出生后神经影像学和神经病理学识别暂时性和残留结构,可以更好地了解大脑个体发育并避免误解。受阻成熟可能被认为是退化结构的另一个方面。一个例子是 Ia 型局灶性皮质发育不良、慢性胎儿缺血的皮质区和一些代谢/遗传性先天性脑病中持续存在的微柱状皮质结构。人脑中的一些暂时结构是低等脊椎动物的正常成年结构。通过胎儿或出生后神经影像学和神经病理学识别暂时性和残留结构,可以更好地了解大脑个体发育并避免误解。受阻成熟可能被认为是退化结构的另一个方面。一个例子是 Ia 型局灶性皮质发育不良、慢性胎儿缺血的皮质区和一些代谢/遗传性先天性脑病中持续存在的微柱状皮质结构。人脑中的一些暂时结构是低等脊椎动物的正常成年结构。通过胎儿或出生后神经影像学和神经病理学识别暂时性和残留结构,可以更好地了解大脑个体发育并避免误解。人脑中的一些暂时结构是低等脊椎动物的正常成年结构。通过胎儿或出生后神经影像学和神经病理学识别暂时性和残留结构,可以更好地了解大脑个体发育并避免误解。人脑中的一些暂时结构是低等脊椎动物的正常成年结构。通过胎儿或出生后神经影像学和神经病理学识别暂时性和残留结构,可以更好地了解大脑个体发育并避免误解。

更新日期:2021-07-12
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