Stopping powers (SP) for electrons with energies greater than 10 keV are well described through the Bethe approximation. However, for energies below, such an approach is inadequate. SP in LiF, CaF₂ and Al₂O₃ as the luminescent materials commonly used for dosimetry study and liquid-water are scarce at energies below 10 keV. This work investigated SP and CSDA-range of electrons in in these compounds from the energy gap up to 433 keV using the full Penn algorithm. In particular, the influence of the exciton states was evaluated. The experimental optical data were selected after a rigorous evaluation process. The results indicate that the exciton states affect the SP mainly at energies below 100 eV by up to 48%, 39%, 32% and 15% for liquid-water, LiF, CaF₂ and Al₂O₃, respectively. Furthermore, we observed a certain relationship between the minimum excitation-energy (exciton state) and the energy at which the SP is maximum.

通过 Bethe 近似可以很好地描述能量大于 10 keV 的电子的停止能力 (SP)。然而，对于下面的能量，这种方法是不够的。作为通常用于剂量学研究和液态水的发光材料的LiF、CaF ₂和 Al ₂ O ₃中的SP 在低于 10 keV 的能量下是稀缺的。这项工作使用完整的 Penn 算法研究了这些化合物中从能隙到 433 keV 的 SP 和 CSDA 范围的电子。特别地，评估了激子态的影响。实验光学数据是经过严格的评估过程后选择的。结果表明，激子态主要在低于 100 eV 的能量下对液态水、LiF、CaF 的 SP 影响高达 48%、39%、32% 和 15%₂和Al ₂ O ₃，分别。此外，我们观察到最小激发能量（激子态）与 SP 最大时的能量之间存在某种关系。